An Introduction to Linguistics
This lively and wide-ranging textbook provides an invaluable guide to the very nature of language. By covering all major aspects of linguistics - with chapters on semantics (the study of meaning), phonology (the sound systems of languages) and morphology
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Also by Stuart C. Poole CATALAN IN THREE MONTHS
An Introduction to Linguistics Stuart C. Poole
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Stuart C. Poole 1999
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publicationmay be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publicationmay be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordancewith the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WH 4LP. Anyperson who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminalprosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordancewith the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 FifthAvenue, NewYork, N. Y. 10010 Companiesand representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin's Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN 978-0-333-69218-9 DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-27346-1
ISBN 978-1-349-27346- 1 (eBook)
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fUlly managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 9 11
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Contents Preface 1
viii
What Is Language? 1.1 1.2
1.3 1.4 1.5
2
3
What Is a Word? Where Do Words Come From? Summary Exercises
9 9 12 20 20
Semantics 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9
4
7 8
Lexis 2.1 2.2
The Function of Lexemes The Meaning of Meaning Semantic Range The Definition of Semantic Range Collocation and Idiom Homonymy and Polysemy The Human Element of Meaning Pragmatics Discourse Analysis Summary Exercises
5 6 6
21 21 22 22 24 28 30 31 33 37 38 39 41 41 43 47
Phonetics 4.1 4.2 4.3
1 1 2
The Significance of Language What Is Language? The Functions of Language What Is a Language? The Elements of Language Summary Exercises
The Organs of Speech Consonants Phonemic Notation
v
Contents
vi
4.4 4.5
5
Vowels Sounds in Sequence Summary Exercises
Phonology
5.1 Sound Systems of Languages 5.2 The Phoneme 5.3 Phonological Rules 5.4 The Phonology of English 5.5 The Phonology of Oth er Languages 5.6 Suprasegmental Features Summary Exercises
6
7
8
9
Morphology
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
The Composition of Words Morphemes Derivation and Inflection Productivity and Word Formation Problems of Morphological Analysis Summary Exercises
Syntax
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5
Syntax as Opposed to Morphology Word Classes Constituent Stru cture Noam Chomsky Synt actic Form s Summary Exercises
Regional Variation
8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4
Variations of Variations Horizontal Definition of Dialect Vertical Definition of Dialect The Nature of Variation Summary Exercises
Social Variation
9.1 9.2
The Social
