An Investigation into Process Parameters Effect on the Formability of GLARE Materials Using Stamp Forming
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An Investigation into Process Parameters Effect on the Formability of GLARE Materials Using Stamp Forming Hamza Blala 1
& Lihui Lang
1
1
& Ehsan Sherkatghanad & Lei Li
1
Received: 30 June 2019 / Accepted: 23 September 2019/ # Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract
The use of laminates allows an optimization of the material properties, these hybrid materials can unravel some problems in the industrial sector, particularly in aerospace, and advanced automotive industry. Fiber Metal Laminates (FMLs) can be produced both by laminating and by forming. Flat laminates are easier to produce by the lay-up process, for small and relatively complex shapes with low thickness there are significant challenges in the forming process even for small drawing ratios, In this investigation, a cylindrical GLARE cup was chosen, this shape with sharp curves and vertical geometrical walls, still face numerous difficulties in the forming procedure. Numerical simulations have been used and compared with the experimental results in the stamp forming to achieve good forming quality with higher depth. An extensive investigation of the effect of process variables has been done such as blank-holding force, and blank holder gap and the curing condition. Also, their roles in wrinkles formation, tearing and thinning, as well as formability have been performed. The results show a good agreement between the experiments and the numerical simulation and show clearly that the application of blank holder force and blank holder gap within specified limits has a positive effect on the quality of the formed cup and leads to higher depths. Understanding these parameters and the GLARE forming conduct and having a decent choice of these parameters can give the advantage to achieve smaller and more complex shapes with higher depth, especially for large scale manufacturing. Finally, this investigation can expand the modern application regions of the FMLs and GLARE parts. Keywords FMLs (Fiber metal laminates) . GLARE . Blank holder force (BHF) . Blank holder gap (BHG) . Wrinkling . Wall thickness
* Lihui Lang [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Applied Composite Materials
1 Introduction During a decades ago thorough examination has been done to acquire lightweight parts and structures particularly for military, and aviation manufacturing because of its recognized advantages and possession of such good features in FMLs. Researchers and industrials have been paying a big consideration to the mass production of composite laminate materials [1]. Fiber Metal Laminates originate from metal bonding, was developed in the aerospace industry to avoid inter rivet buckling of thin sheets, the bonded structure showed higher compression strength. The first standardized family of FML’s used aramid fibers and was called Arall, it was found that the aramid fibers did not perform well when the laminate was subjected to compressive loads, this led to the choice of S2-Glass fibers embedded in epoxy between AL-2024 sheets, th
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