An Overview of Calcite Recovery by Flotation
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REVIEW
An Overview of Calcite Recovery by Flotation Priyanka Dhar 1
&
Maria Thornhill 1 & Hanumantha Rao Kota 1
Received: 13 April 2020 / Revised: 28 July 2020 / Accepted: 30 July 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract In general, precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) is used as a mineral filler in paper industries; while natural calcite (CaCO3) ore is also suitable for industrial use if it is a finely ground high-grade material. Naturally, calcite is found in the form of high- or low-grade ores and it is one of the most widely distributed industrial minerals on the earth’s crust. However, it is rarely found in its pure form and is generally associated with other gangue minerals; the type and percentage of which vary from one deposit to another. These minerals are generally separated by flotation and/or magnetic separation (in the case of iron impurities). Calcite ores typically contain metal sulphide, silicate, or other calcium-containing impurity minerals, which can be removed by flotation. A tremendous amount of research has been performed on refining the flotation process for calcite ores and designing the reagents (specifically, collectors) to increase the efficiency of the process. Metal sulphide/silicate impurity minerals can be removed by the froth-flotation process using amines and xanthate collectors. Alternatively, fatty acids are used as collectors to float calcium-type minerals directly from the ore. This paper reviews the industrial practices and fundamental research related to collectors surrounding calcite ore flotation. This article presents and reviews collectors for the beneficiation of high-grade calcite ores which have been reported in the literature in order to assist judicial choice of collecting agents in flotation. Keywords Calcite . Zeta potential . Adsorption . Flotation . Cationic reagents
Introduction Calcite is one of the most abundant simple salts in the earth’s surface and in sedimentary rocks; it occurs in the form of armours and skeletal frames of marine creatures. It is the prime constituent of limestone, chalk etc. In igneous rocks, calcites are present in the form of fine-to-coarse grains. Carbonatites, kimberlites, and lamprophyres are some of the alkaline igneous rocks, which contain more than 50% of carbonates, especially calcites (Chang et al. 1996). It is therefore said that calcite is one of the most abundant simple carbonate salts on the earth’s surface as it is found in almost all kinds of rock samples. The most important carbonate minerals belonging to the calcite group include magnesite, rhodochrosite, siderite, and smithsonite. Calcite has the chemical formula CaCO3, and the chemical structure is shown in Fig. 1. To be specific, calcite is composed
* Priyanka Dhar [email protected] 1
Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), S.P. Andersens veg 15a, 7031 Trondheim, Norway
of a basic structure of one atom of calcium, one atom of carbon and three atoms of oxygen. Calcite is colourless or white when pure but may
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