An Overview of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials
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An Overview of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials Yixu Wang and Hsiao-Ying Shadow Huang Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University R3002, EB3, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695 ABSTRACT The need for the development and deployment of reliable and efficient energy storage devices, such as lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, is becoming increasingly important due to the scarcity of petroleum. In this work, we provide an overview of commercially available cathode materials for Li-ion rechargeable batteries and focus on characteristics that give rise to optimal energy storage systems for future transportation modes. The study shows that the development of lithium-iron-phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries promises an alternative to conventional lithiumion batteries, with their potential for high energy capacity and power density, improved safety, and reduced cost. This work contributes to the fundamental knowledge of lithium-ion battery cathode materials and helps with the design of better rechargeable batteries, and thus leads to economic and environmental benefits. INTRODUCTION For over a century, petroleum-derived fuels have been the first choice as an energy source for transportation, and accounted for more than 71.4% of U.S. petroleum use in 2009 [1]. Although the petroleum-based fuel energy resource is convenient and technically mature, researchers started looking for alternative energy sources such as batteries due to the shortage of petroleum and because burning fossil fuels has become an environmental issue. It is reported that 98% of carbon dioxide emissions come from petroleum fuels [2]. Since carbon dioxide accounts for the largest share of greenhouse gases, to meet the stated goal of reducing total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions to 83% below 2005 levels by 2050, an alternative energy storage system is required. One of the most promising energy storage solutions for future automotive technology is the rechargeable battery. Compared with other resources such as flywheels, capacitors, biofuel, solar cells, and fuel cells, rechargeable batteries are more portable and provide quick energy storage and release [3-5]. Moreover, it is more difficult to use these other resources globally than it is to use rechargeable batteries, due to the operating environment limitations for these other energy sources [3]. Compared with capacitors, rechargeable batteries have lower self-discharge rates [3, 5], thus holding their charge for longer periods of time. Therefore, to best serve as a future automotive technology, rechargeable batteries should have both high energy and power densities [4], the ability to output high current for a long period of time, and to be fully charged quickly. The durability and environmental friendliness of rechargeable batteries is also very important. They should work for several years safely under different climatic conditions, and even if involved in an unfortunate car collision.
THE PROSPECTIVE CATHODE MATERIALS Among the rechargeable batteries, Li-ion batterie
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