An SQL Domain Ontology Learning for Analyzing Hierarchies of Structures in Pre-Learning Assessment Agents
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
An SQL Domain Ontology Learning for Analyzing Hierarchies of Structures in Pre‑Learning Assessment Agents Kennedy E. Ehimwenma1,2 · Paul Crowther3 · Martin Beer3 · Safiya Al‑Sharji4 Received: 27 March 2020 / Accepted: 17 September 2020 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2020
Abstract This paper presents the use of description logics (DL) in the definition and development of a Structured Query Language (SQL) domain ontology for a multi-agent based pre-assessment system. Description logics is a knowledge representation language for defining terms or classes, the relationships between classes, their instances, including individuals and literals. In a formal school curriculum, modules of learning are inter-dependent. So, teaching and learning follows an ordered sequence of learning from lower-level module(s) to higher-level ones. This process enables students to gain mastery of lower-level materials before moving up the ladder to higher-level learning. To describe an SQL ontology and its representation for a multi-agent based system application, this paper uses a description logic language to present the organization of learning modules into DesiredConcept < D > , PrerequisiteConcept < C > and LeafNodes < N > as well as their associated relationships, namely, hasPrerequisite and hasKB between the learning modules. The paper thus presents a TBox and an Abox of a DL ontology and further transformation into a first-order predicate for a multi-agent based system that was implemented in Jason. Keywords Knowledge representation · Description logics · First-order logic · SQL ontology · OWL · Multi-agents · Teaching and learning · Semantic web
Introduction In teaching and learning, activities are arranged in an ordered sequence from known-to-unknown. Also, in a knowledge domain, concepts do not exist in isolation. Like * Kennedy E. Ehimwenma [email protected] Paul Crowther [email protected] Martin Beer [email protected] Safiya Al‑Sharji [email protected] 1
Department of Computer Science, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, China
2
Department of Computer Science, International College, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Hunan, China
3
Department of Computing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
4
Department of Information Technology, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Muscat, Oman
nodes in a semantic net, unit of lessons are linked to one another with common knowledge boundaries or properties that exists in-between them. On one hand, one learning unit can be established to have a relationship with an immediate higher-level unit; and on the other hand, could have a relationship with an immediate lower-level unit. This is because the successful learning of a concept and a unit of lesson is dependent on some prerequisites knowledge. Like vertices in a graph network, units of lessons can be viewed as a connection of nodes representing learning structures. As stated in [17] vertices represent objects, such as; people, houses, cities, courses, concepts, etc.
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