An Ultra-low-Carbon Steel with Outstanding Fish-Scaling Resistance and Cold Formability for Enameling Applications
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ENAMELING refers to fusing a thin layer of ceramic or glass to a metal substrate, thereby protecting the substrate against chemical attacks or physical damages, as well as improving its aesthetic appearance.[1] The applications of porcelain enamels on sheet steels can be traced back to nineteenth century.[2] In early days, enameled steels were primarily used for household goods and appliance, e.g., cookware, sinks, bathtubs.[2] With technological advances in steels,[3–5] enamel materials,[6,7] and coating techniques,[8–10] the quality of enameled steel products continually improves. For instance, the use of ‘‘zero’’ carbon steel (carbon content < 0.005 wt pct) as a substrate material had literally
ZAIWANG LIU is with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China and also with the Shougang Research Institute of Technology, Beijing 100043, P.R. China. WEIDONG LI is with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 and also with the Akron Innovation Center, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, OH 44305. Contact e-mail: [email protected] XIAOJING SHAO and YIDING LI are with the Shougang Research Institute of Technology. YONGLIN KANG is with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing. Manuscript submitted June 5, 2018.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
simplified the enameling process of using two layers of enamel coatings to merely using a single layer.[2] The invention of the spray coating and electrostatic powder coating techniques had significantly improved the quality of enamel coatings, by promoting the uniformity in coating thickness and eliminating defects typically seen in prior coating practices.[8,11] Also, many fundamental understandings in the adherence between the enamel and the steel substrate contribute considerably to the strongly bonded interface we are seeing in the present.[12–15] Today, enameled steels are regaining their popularity across diverse industrial sectors. Their modern applications include cooking appliances,[16,17] reinforcing steels,[18] flue pipes,[7,19,20] power station heat exchangers,[19,20] civil and industrial constructions,[11] in which their excellent resistance to corrosion, abrasion, heat, thermal shock, weather, and high hardness are exploited. These expanded applications, in turn, is imposing more pressure on metallurgists for developing specialized, high-performance steels for enameling applications. Generally, the development of enameling steels moves on in two primary directions: (1) Improving the cold formability of the steel sheets without losing the strengths significantly; (2) Ensuring the enameling quality by minimizing or eliminating defects, typically fish-scales. The cold formability, especially deep-drawability, is critical for steel substrates in enameled products because they usually need to undergo severe deep drawing to form their final shapes. With the necessity
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