An ultrasound-assisted pressure-regulated solid-phase microextraction setup for fast and sensitive analysis of volatile
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
An ultrasound-assisted pressure-regulated solid-phase microextraction setup for fast and sensitive analysis of volatile pollutants in contaminated soil Mohammad Beiranvand 1 & Alireza Ghiasvand 1,2 Received: 23 January 2020 / Accepted: 4 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Release of analytes from their native matrix and diffusion into the gas phase is the rate-limiting step for the sampling of volatiles in complex solid samples. This limitation is more serious in the solvent-less and solvent-free microextraction sampling strategies. In this research, a three-stage reinforced sampling strategy including high-pressure/sonication/low-pressure was introduced for fast and efficient release of analytes in soil samples. For this purpose, a novel ultrasound-assisted pressure-regulated solid-phase microextraction (UA-PR-SPME) device was developed. It was coupled with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and carried out for the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX, as the model analytes) in complex solid samples. Graphene oxide/3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (GO-APTES) nanocomposite was synthesized and used as the SPME fiber coating. Under optimal conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) were obtained 0.1–0.4 ng/g. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 2.4–5000 ng/g. Relative standard deviations (RSDs%) were calculated 5.1–7.0% (n = 6). The developed technique was employed for the analysis of BTEX in contaminated soil samples. Keywords Solid-phase microextraction . Ultrasound-assisted extraction . Pressure-regulated extraction . Gas chromatography . Soil
Introduction Along with the flourishing solvent-less and solvent-free sample preparation strategies, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has gained a great attention, due to its prominent advantages over the classical extraction procedures (Zhang and Pawliszyn 1993). To improve the capabilities and expand the applications, different configurations of SPME have been developed and promoted during the recent years (Formalewicz et al. 2019). In this way, reinforced SPME Responsible Editor: Ester Heath * Alireza Ghiasvand [email protected] Mohammad Beiranvand [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
2
Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
techniques including total vaporization (Bors and Goodpaster 2017), vortex-assisted (Çelik et al. 2018), electrochemically controlled (Alidoust et al. 2017), magneticassisted (Ghiasvand et al. 2018a), electromembrane-assisted (Fakhari et al. 2015), microwave-assisted (Souza-Silva et al. 2015), solvent-assisted (George et al. 2015), ultrasonicassisted (Lv et al. 2017), cooling-assisted (Ghiasvand et al. 2016; Ghiasvand and Pirdadeh-Beiranvand 2015), and vacuum-assisted (Beiranvand and Ghiasvand 2017) SPME (VA-SPME) have emerged recently. Following this
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