Analysis and Characterization of the Role of Ni Interlayer in the Friction Welding of Titanium and 304 Austenitic Stainl
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INTRODUCTION
IN general, there are more challenges faced during the joining process of dissimilar materials rather than those of similar materials due to the significant differences in the mechanical, metallurgical, and physical properties of the materials of the dissimilar combination.[1] It is necessary to produce high quality joints between dissimilar materials in order to use their maximum potentials in the joints. Dissimilar joints between titanium and stainless steels have increasing applications in aerospace, chemical, and cryogenic C.H. MURALIMOHAN, formerly with the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu 620015, India, is now Manager with the Department of Agglomeration, JSW Steel Limited, Vidyanagar, Karnataka 583275, India. Contact e-mail: [email protected] M. ASHFAQ, Assistant Professor, FARCAMT Chair, is with the Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia. ROUHOLAH ASHIRI, formerly with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, is now Ph.D. Student with the Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran. V. MUTHUPANDI, Professor, is with the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli. K. SIVAPRASAD, Assistant Professor, is with the Advanced Materials Processing Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli. Manuscript submitted June 7, 2015. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
industries.[2,3] Fusion welding processes which involve melting of base materials were not successful in joining the stainless steels to titanium;[4] the formation of a number of intermetallic compounds in the weld pool resulted in the embrittlement of joints.[5–7] These brittle intermetallic compounds are very hard in nature and weaken the mechanical properties of the dissimilar joints. However, some studies indicated that acceptable mechanical properties of titanium-stainless steel joints can be achieved using transition interlayers or by use of multistep TIG welding process. For this purpose, tantalum, vanadium or bronze interlayers were used.[8] Some attempts have been done for direct joining of titanium to stainless steel using solid-state joining methods such as explosive welding,[9,10] friction welding,[11] diffusion-bonding,[12] and friction stir welding[13,14] processes. All these solid-state methods significantly improved the tensile strength of the joints as compared to conventional arc welding processes. Among these welding methods, friction welding process has led to the maximum tensile strength of the joints.[15] Diffusion bonding of titanium to 304 stainless steel using suitable interlayers showed better properties than their direct joints.[16] The appropriate intermediate materials such as Cu, Ni and Ag[16–22] have been used to alleviate
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