Analysis of physical factors of climate and bioclimate and their effects on almonds production to increase the economy i
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Analysis of physical factors of climate and bioclimate and their effects on almonds production to increase the economy in Hebron area of Palestine Jehad Mahmoud Hussein Ighbareyeh 1,2 & Eusebio Cano Carmona 2 & Ana Cano Ortiz 2 & Asma Abdel-Rahim Ahmed Suliemieh 1 & Mohammed Mahmoud Hussein Ighbareyeh 1 & Abed Al-Qader Mohammed Daraweesh 1 Received: 25 April 2018 / Accepted: 29 October 2018 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2018
Abstract For the 1993–2009 period, we analyzed the relationship between almond yield and three climatic variables (mean annual temperature, soil water reserve, and precipitation), and four bioclimatic variables (annual ombrothermic index, water deficit, simple continentality index, and compensated thermicity index), for one major Hebron crop (soft and hard almonds). Moreover, we obtained data almond production from the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, while the climate data from the Palestinian meteorological station during the study period from 1993 to 2009, and analysis is it by using bioclimatic classification of the Earth of Salvador Rivas-Martinez to study the relationship between the almond yield and climate and bioclimate factors (variables). The climatic and bioclimate variables of greatest importance to almond were used to develop regressions analysis relating yield to climatic conditions. Hebron was positively affected by annual ombrothermic index, simple continentality index, precipitation, water soil reserve, and mean annual temperature, but negatively affected by water deficit, with a large proportion of the variance explained by axis F1 (72.48%), F2 (22.38%), and axes F1and F2 (94. 86%). However, in order to produce a high amount of almonds and quality, it can be grown in the regions of the mesomediterranean region, with the value of annual ombrothemic index more than 3, compensated thermicity index between 220/220 to 350/350, simple continentality index between 14 and 20, and in areas where the average annual temperature is between 15 and 20 °C. Keywords Palestine . Hebron . Yield . Climate . Bioclimate . Almonds
Introduction Almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) is a type of fruit trees, native to the Asia, the Indian regions (Yamuna River) and North Africa, almonds were domesticated in the Early Bronze Age (3000–2000 BC.) as Numeria (Jordan) (Ladizinsky 1999) and Hebron (Palestine), and the fruit found in Tutankhamun’s tomb in Egypt (c.1325 BC), maybe
* Mohammed Mahmoud Hussein Ighbareyeh [email protected] 1
Department of Plant Production and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Quds Open University, Abu ktellah Street, Hebron, Palestine
2
Department of Animal and Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
imported from the Levant as Palestine (almond Canaanite), Jordan, and Syria (Zohary and Hopf 2000). Climate of the Mediterranean basin is suitable for planting and producing almonds, it is a hot dry climate in summer and milder winter rain (Ighbareyeh et al. 2014b). In the past
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