Analysis of predisposing factors for the development of Clostridioides difficile infection recurrence

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Analysis of predisposing factors for the development of Clostridioides difficile infection recurrence Ana-Teresa Marques-Afonso 1 & Iván Fernández-Castro 1 & Néstor Vázquez-Agra 1 & Lucía Barrera-López 1 & Vanesa Alende-Castro 2 & Cristina Macía-Rodríguez 3 & Lara Mateo-Mosquera 1 & Ignacio Novo-Veleiro 1 Received: 1 May 2020 / Accepted: 3 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020Abstract

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of several risk factors and, among them, the role of different types of antibiotics, in the development of the first recurrent episode of Clostridioides difficile (CD) infection. We performed a case control study from 2006 to 2016. We included patients admitted to the hospital with CD infection that received any antibiotic treatment during the year before the onset of the infection. First, we described the characteristics of CD infection in a Spanish third level hospital and then we compared first cases of CD infection that presented recurrence with those that did not. We included 110 cases, corresponding to 94 individuals. There were 14 first CD infection episodes that later presented recurrence (12.7%). Receiving more than 3 types of antibiotics during the year before the onset of symptoms was associated with higher risk of presenting a recurrent episode (OR = 4.69, 95% CI 1.01–21.78), as well as the past history of neoplasia (OR = 4.58, 95% CI 1.00–20.98). The number of previous hospital admissions was associated with the development of recurrences in the univariate study (p < 0.05). No differences were observed related to the type of antibiotic used immediately before the CD episode neither with the treatment received. The number of types of antibiotics used during the year before the first episode of CD infection or having a personal history of neoplasia was associated with 4 times higher risk of recurrent episodes. Type of antibiotic used did not show to influence recurrences. Keywords Clostridium difficile . Recurrence . Antibiotics . Hospitalization

Introduction Clostridium difficile or Clostridioides difficile (CD) is an anaerobic, Gram-positive microorganism that is responsible for both a significant number of cases of nosocomial diarrhea [1] and also many cases of community-acquired diarrhea [2, 3]. The frequency of CD infection in Spain is not well characterized, but the available data suggest that its incidence there is similar to that in other European countries and that this incidence is rising [4]. One study observed an incidence of 41.2

* Ignacio Novo-Veleiro [email protected] 1

Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain

2

Internal Medicine Department, Hospital do Salnés, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain

3

Internal Medicine Department, POVISA Hospital, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain

cases per 100,000 hospital discharges in Spain, which is probably an underestimate of the true CD infection incidence [5]. In 2013, CD infection was declared an ur