Analysis of recoverable and energy loss density mediated by Ni/Cr co-doping in BiFeO 3
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Analysis of recoverable and energy loss density mediated by Ni/Cr co‑doping in BiFeO3 Saman Arif1 · Sadaf Saba1 · Ghulam M. Mustafa1,2 · Muhammad Akhtar1 · Muratza Saleem3 · Saira Riaz1 · Shahid Atiq1 Received: 12 January 2020 / Accepted: 18 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract BiFeO3 is the only multiferroic material in which coexistence of ferroelectricity and anti-ferromagnetism can be seen at room temperature. However, small strength of coupling is a main hurdle for its use in multistate memory devices. The single or co-doping of any other material can improve its multiferroicity. In this regard, we synthesized a series with varying concentration of Ni at the place of Cr in BiFe0.9Cr0.1−xNixO3 (x = 0, 0.03, 0.07, 0.1) using sol‒gel auto-combustion route. The rhombohedrally distorted cubic perovskite structure has been observed throughout the series, while the micrographs obtained from scanning electron microscopy exposed that Ni-free composition had diffused grains with no sharp boundaries. Addition of Ni not only reduced the average grain size but also increased the ferroelectric response. Energy density calculations were performed using charge–discharge curves which revealed that increasing Ni/Cr ratio at the Fe site enhanced the energy storage capability. Dielectric study revealed that real part of dielectric constant decreased and concentration-dependent variation remained consistent with morphological change. Impedance spectroscopy exposed that Ni substitution caused an increase in its resistive response, while the relaxation phenomenon and nature of transportation were examined through the shifting of peaks in the complex modulus spectrum.
1 Introduction The martials having at least two ferroic orders in single phase are called multiferroics (MFs) [1, 2]. Those MFs possessing ferroelectric and ferromagnetic orders simultaneously are called magnetoelectric (ME) MFs [3, 4]. The coexistence of these two orders in single phase is really amazing which stimulated researchers worldwide to explore new horizon in this modern era of science and technology [5–7]. The most fascinating thing in their coexistence is their extinct origin. Ferroelectricity originates from the paired valence electronic configuration, while magnetism takes birth from
* Shahid Atiq [email protected] 1
Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
2
Department of Physics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
3
Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering (SSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), D.H.A. Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
unpaired electrons. Thus, their coexistence can open new doors and give new direction to researchers [8]. Among different MFs, BiFeO3 (BFO) is the unique material in which ferroelectricity and anti-ferromagnetism coexist above room temperature (RT) [9, 10]. In BFO, ferroelectric character prevail up to 1103 K, while anti-ferromagnetism exist up to 640 K.
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