Analysis of the run-out processes of the Xinlu Village landslide using the generalized interpolation material point meth
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Chunye Ying I Kun Zhang I Ze-Nian Wang I Sumi Siddiqua I Gehad Mohamed Hossam Makeen I Luqi Wang
Analysis of the run-out processes of the Xinlu Village landslide using the generalized interpolation material point method
Abstract The prediction of the landslide kinetic features is of great importance in minimizing the potential hazardous impacts and in applying the appropriate stabilization techniques. The present study used the generalized interpolation material point (GIMP) method to analyze the run-out processes of the Xinlu Village landslide that has taken place in Xinlu Village, Chongqing, China, in 2016. The evolutions of equivalent plastic strain, displacement, landslide velocity, and kinematic energy were investigated during the landslide motion. The simulation results indicated that the initial stage of the landslide started with slippage of the mid-front soil part with a maximum velocity of 1.02 m/s (at t = 9 s). The rear rock came to failure at t = 69 s as the tensile crack extended from the landslide surface to the deep weak interlayer. Thereafter, the rear rock further accelerated and pushed the midfront sliding soil, which formed an overall movement. The kinetic energy of the studied landslide concentrated in the acceleration phases of the soil and rock masses. The predicted landslide geometry and run-out distance had slight differences from the actual ones. Based on the landslide run-out analysis, the studied landslide can be classified as a landslide that simultaneously comprises retrogressive and advancing features. A potential secondary failure of this landslide could happen under specific extreme circumstances. Keywords Xinlu Village landslide . GIMP . Soil and rock . Runout simulation . Kinetics Introduction Great efforts have been exerted throughout the past decades to investigate and understand the kinetic features of landslides. The physical model tests (Shi et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2017) and numerical simulation (Dai et al. 2002; Kang et al. 2018) are two common strategies for studying the dynamic behavior of landslides. However, it is difficult to simulate the real large-scale landslide by model tests due to their small-scale limitation (Wei et al. 2019). Besides, such tests are generally time-consuming and costly (Li et al. 2016). These limitations can be avoided considerably by applying effective numerical approaches. Throughout the literature, most of the numerical approaches, that have been applied to study the motion of landslides, adopted the discrete model and/or the continuum model (Li et al. 2016; Conte et al. 2019). The discrete model comprised the distinct element method (DEM) and the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) (Conte et al. 2019). By adopting the DEM (Tang et al. 2013; Yuan et al. 2014; Ma et al. 2019) and the DDA (Wu and Chen 2011; Zhang et al. 2015; Chen and Wu 2018), the evolutions of landslides following failure were simulated. The most common continuum models included the smoothed particle
hydrodynamics (SPH) (Pastor et al. 2009; Bui et al. 2011; Dai et al.
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