Analysis of the Safety of Using Hydrocarbon Fuels and Hydrogen in Automobiles
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OGEN TECHNOLOGIES
Analysis of the Safety of Using Hydrocarbon Fuels and Hydrogen in Automobiles A. V. Porsina,*, S. G. Tsarichenkob, Yu. A. Dobrovol’skiic, A. V. Kozlova, G. G. Nadareishvilia, and A. S. Terenchenkoa a
FSUE “NAMI” State Research Center of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 125438 Russia b Moscow State Building University, Moscow, 129337 Russia c Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow oblast, 142432 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received September 18, 2020; revised September 22, 2020; accepted September 22, 2020
Abstract—Comparative analysis of the fire and explosion safety in using hydrocarbon fuels and hydrogen as automobile fuel is made. For reliable analysis, it is necessary to take into account the set of all the parameters influencing the fire and explosion safety, including the influence of the composition of multicomponent fuels on their characteristics and the influence of external conditions in cases of both normal operation and emergency; study and comparison of separate properties of fuels are insufficient. Complex analysis of the physicochemical properties of fuels shows that, in case of emergency, the consequences of the hydrogen ejection from the fuel system are in most cases less dangerous compared to the ejection of hydrocarbon fuels. The development of detonation combustion as a result of ignition of a hydrogen–air mixture formed in open space is improbable because of high diffusion ability of hydrogen and impossibility of the buildup of the required concentration. The possibility of wide use of hydrogen as an automobile fuel is substantiated. Keywords: automobiles, fuel cells, hydrogen, fire, explosion DOI: 10.1134/S10704272201016X
INTRODUCTION The history of using hydrogen on transport vehicles started even before the appearance of hydrocarbon fuels, which are now used in internal combustion engines throughout the world. In 1806, François Isaac de Rivaz got a patent for an internal combustion engine powered by a hydrogen–oxygen mixture [1]. The engine was arranged on a wheel base, and the mixture was ignited manually with an electric spark from a Volta cell. Further development of the automobile transport was based on the use of piston internal combustion engines powered by various kinds of hydrocarbon fuel (gasoline, diesel fuel, natural gas, liquefied hydrocarbon gas based on the propane–butane mixture). The resumed interest in hydrogen is due to growing climatic problems
and trend toward decarbonization of the world economy. Hydrogen is considered as an environmentally clean fuel suitable for use in power engineering [2, 3]. Projects on using hydrogen also cover industry, all segments of surface transport (passenger cars, buses, trucks, special vehicles), water and railway transport, aviation, and housing and utilities. National hydrogen strategies are being approved: The roadmaps of the development of nuclear power engineering appeared in the United States (2006) and in the Republic of Korea (2019), the Basic Strategy of the
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