Analytical methods for amino acid determination in organisms
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Analytical methods for amino acid determination in organisms Weihua Xu1,2,3 · Congcong Zhong1 · Chunpu Zou4 · Bing Wang2 · Ning Zhang1 Received: 19 April 2020 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Amino acids are important metabolites for tissue metabolism, growth, maintenance, and repair, which are basic life necessities. Therefore, summarizing analytical methods for amino acid determination in organisms is important. In the past decades, analytical methods for amino acids have developed rapidly but have not been fully explored. Thus, this article provides reference to analytical methods for amino acids in organisms for food and human research. Present amino acid analysis methods include thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometer, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance, and amino acid analyzer analysis. Keywords Amino acids · Analytical method · Derivation · Liquidity Abbreviations AA Amino acid ACBA 4-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid AQC 6-Aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate BCAA Branched chain amino acid DEEMM Diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate FMOC-Cl Fluorenylmethyl chloroformate HILIC Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography combined HSCE High-speed capillary electrophoresis Handling editor: J. D. Wade. Weihua Xu, Congcong Zhong are contributed equally to this work. * Bing Wang [email protected] * Ning Zhang [email protected] 1
Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai‑lun Rd, Shanghai 201203, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Hai‑ke Rd, Shanghai 201203, China
3
School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui 230013, China
4
School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
OPA o-Phthalaldehyde PITC Phenylisothiocyanate
Introduction Amino acids (AAs) are the most important chemical structures in organisms and generally categorized into nonessential and essential AAs (Marouzi et al. 2017; Choi et al. 2007). The quantity and quality of AAs are required for analysis in the fields of medicine, food, feed, agriculture, and chemistry. Moreover, essential AAs constitute approximately 20–37% of the protein requirement of a human adult, and some AAs are potential biomarkers of diseases. Apart from participating in protein biosynthesis (Johnson et al. 2014), AAs also serve as precursors for many hormones, neurotransmitters (Tian et al. 2018), and other specialized metabolites (Broer and Broer 2017; Hildebrandt et al. 2015). For example, glu can be used as an acidic AA in metabolism and as an excitatory neurotransmitter of information. Dietary AA patterns with high levels of gly, cys, arg, and try may be associated with reduced ris
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