Analyzing the film formation mechanism of cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) based on the fast freeze-drying morphology
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Analyzing the film formation mechanism of cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) based on the fast freeze-drying morphology Lanxing Du . Zhiming Yu . Jinwu Wang . Michael P. Wolcott . Yang Zhang . Chusheng Qi
Received: 11 December 2019 / Accepted: 10 April 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The aim of this study was to discern the film formation mechanism of cellulose nanoparticle suspensions (CNP suspensions) by transforming the film formation process to be a water evaporation process, investigating the fast freeze-drying morphology of CNPs, the resulting natural formation structure, and the relationship of CNPs and water molecules. It was found that an increasing aspect ratio transforms CNPs from the oriented arrangement to a distributed network. Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces among CNPs led to a close and interactive film
L. Du College of Forestry, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding 071001, China
formation process, contributing to various microstructures in the resultant films. High aspect ratios in CNPs hindered the formation of interaction as well as increased absorbed water on CNPs. The interaction among CNPs, and the interaction between CNPs and water molecules were reflected in shear-thinning behavior of CNP suspensions. High aspect ratio CNPs had the capacity of absorbing more immobilized water, partially leading to a higher viscosity. The microstructures of CNP films were fund to be dense without significant layers or holes and varied from the fast freeze-drying morphology, due to the continuous volume reduction in water evaporation. Overall, it is expected that discerning the film formation mechanism of CNPs provide guidance for controlling the film structure and explaining the macroscopic property of the resultant materials.
L. Du Z. Yu (&) Y. Zhang C. Qi MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China e-mail: [email protected] L. Du M. P. Wolcott Composite Materials and Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA J. Wang (&) Forest Products Laboratory, US Forest Service, Madison, WI 53726, USA e-mail: [email protected]
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Cellulose
Graphic abstract
Keywords Cellulose nanoparticles Aspect ratio Film formation Morphology Viscosity
Introduction Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer resource brought from wood, cotton, wheat straw, bagasse, banana, rice husk, etc. The considerable amount of cellulose and its derivatives is able to be applied in a wide range of materials and products with an annual production of more than 7.5 9 1010 ton (Habibi 2014). The nano-scale cellulose is finding increased utilization (Ferrer et al. 2017). Their resulting films, hydrogels, aerogels, cooperated with polymers like PE, PP, PLA, PHBV or self-assembly moulding have fantastic mechanical, light, electrical, and barrier properties, thus leading to the research on nano-scale cellulose in depth (Mahfoudhi and Boufi 2017
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