Ancient Parasites Seen in the Archaeology and Medical Contexts in the Han Dynasty, China
The Han Dynasty (202 BC–CE 220) is regarded as the golden age of ancient China for its significant contributions and deep imprintson history. The health condition during the era of the Han Dynasty has been one of academia’s focuses. With the emphasis on t
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Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Backgrounds of the Han Dynasty (202 BCE to CE 220) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parasites in the Han Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tapeworm (Taenia sp.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flukes in the Han Dynasty: Oriental Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma japonicum) and Chinese Liver Fluke (Clonorchis sinensis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cross-References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 3 4 5 8 10 12 12 13 16 16 17
Abstract
The Han Dynasty (202 BC–CE 220) is regarded as the golden age of ancient China for its significant contributions and deep imprintson history. The health condition during the era of the Han Dynasty has been one of academia’s focuses. With the emphasis on the Han Dynasty, this chapter integrates the knowledge of both archaeological contexts and traditional Chinese medical texts to discuss parasitic loads and the mechanisms behind these infections. By integrating the findings of paleoparasitology with historic textual sources, we present the six species that were identified by archaeological reports, namely, blood fluke (Schistosoma japonicum), Chinese liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis), pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis), whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), tapeworm (Taenia X. Zhan · H.-Y. Yeh (*) School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore e-mail: [email protected] W. Qi Institute of Archaeology, C
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