Anemonefish, a model for Eco-Evo-Devo
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(2020) 11:20 Roux et al. EvoDevo https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-020-00166-7
Open Access
REVIEW
Anemonefish, a model for Eco‑Evo‑Devo Natacha Roux1†, Pauline Salis1†, Shu‑Hua Lee2, Laurence Besseau1 and Vincent Laudet2,3*
Abstract Anemonefish, are a group of about 30 species of damselfish (Pomacentridae) that have long aroused the interest of coral reef fish ecologists. Combining a series of original biological traits and practical features in their breeding that are described in this paper, anemonefish are now emerging as an experimental system of interest for developmental biology, ecology and evolutionary sciences. They are small sized and relatively easy to breed in specific husbandries, unlike the large-sized marine fish used for aquaculture. Because they live in highly structured social groups in sea anemones, anemonefish allow addressing a series of relevant scientific questions such as the social control of growth and sex change, the mechanisms controlling symbiosis, the establishment and variation of complex color patterns, and the regulation of aging. Combined with the use of behavioral experiments, that can be performed in the lab or directly in the wild, as well as functional genetics and genomics, anemonefish provide an attractive experimental system for Eco-Evo-Devo. Keywords: Anemonefish, Amphiprion, Eco-evo-devo Natural habitat and life cycle Anemonefish are protandrous hermaphrodites that belong to the Pomacentridae family, known as damselfish. Within the 300 species of this family, the 30 species of anemonefish are clustered into two genera: Amphiprion and Premnas, the latter including a single species [1, 2]. The phylogeny of anemonefish is well resolved with mtDNA and nuclear markers, and more recently with complete genome sequences [3, 4]. Living in social groups and in symbiosis with 10 distantly related sea anemone species, anemonefish are found from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific Ocean with a high concentration of species in the IndoMalay archipelago [5, 6]. Within their host sea anemone, anemonefish form a colony, which consists of a breeding pair and a variable number of juveniles of smaller size [7]. The breeding pair is composed of a dominant female and a sub-dominant male, which both defend the colony. *Correspondence: [email protected] † Natacha Roux and Pauline Salis equal first authors 2 Lab of Marine Eco‑Evo‑Devo, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Every two to 3 weeks, the breeding pair lays between 100 and 500 eggs on the substrate near their host anemone, and provide parental care to the eggs [8]. Parental care consists of fanning the eggs using their pectoral and caudal fins, to increase oxygenation, and removing dead or weakened eggs and particles using their mouth [9]. Most of the parental care are provided by the male [10, 11] but in some species female may participate actively [9, 12]. The sexually immature individuals
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