Anisotropic Mechanical Behavior of Additive Manufactured AISI 316L Steel
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INTRODUCTION
ADDITIVE manufacturing (AM) technology forms three-dimensional parts by repeatedly stacking layers of metals or resins and is a very attractive new manufacturing process for several industries such as the aerospace, automobile, and biomedical industries.[1,2] In addition, AM makes it possible to develop industrial parts with complex shapes and multiple materials that cannot be easily manufactured by conventional techniques such as casting and plastic deformation.[3] Lately, selective laser melting (SLM) and electron beam melting (EBM) as AM process for industrial parts have received
YONG-DEOK IM is with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea and also with the Non-Ferrous Materials and Components R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gwahakdanji-ro 137-41, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25440, Korea. KYUNG-HOON KIM is with the Non-Ferrous Materials and Components R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology. KYUNG-HWAN JUNG is with the Additive Manufacturing Process R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gwahakdanjiro 137-41, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25440, Korea. YOUNGKOOK LEE is with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University. KUK-HYUN SONG is with the Department of Welding and Joining Science Engineering, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted July 12, 2018.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
significant attention because of the use of metal-based materials.[4] In particular, metals with high melting points (‡ 1400 C) such as Fe-based steels, Ti alloys, and Ni-based alloys, widely used at industrial parts, have been used in SLM or EBM to obtain the fully melted state.[5,6] For these materials, SLM could be more profitable, reducing costs and saving time, relative to EBM because of the absence of a limitation on chamber size and atmosphere during the process.[7] However, to date, research into additive manufactured AISI 316L steel has been limited. Generally, the grain boundary character is determined by the grain size, shape, orientation, and texture, and these factors directly affect the mechanical properties of the materials such as yield and tensile strengths, microhardness, and elongation.[8–14] Among them, the grain shape related to the aspect ratio can affect the strain hardening rate during tensile deformation, which results in an increase in yield and tensile strengths.[15,16] Moreover, the grain orientation can also enhance the mechanical properties, in particular, the formation of orientations with higher Taylor factors results in an increase in the tensile strength because of the development of strain hardening.[17,18] Lately, research into the SLS process has been reported for several materials such as steel, Ti, Co, Cu, and Ni.[19–23] However, the systematic investigation of additive manufactured AISI 316L steel in terms of the relationship between the grain
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