Annual and seasonal distribution pattern of rainfall in Iran and neighboring regions
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Annual and seasonal distribution pattern of rainfall in Iran and neighboring regions Hossein Khozeymehnezhad 1 & Mohammad Nazeri Tahroudi 1 Received: 27 September 2018 / Accepted: 28 March 2019 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2019
Abstract In this study, the trend of southwestern Asia’s rainfall (4152 stations) was investigated in two annual and monthly scales during the statistical period of 1970–2014 using non-parametric Mann–Kendall test with complete removal of the selfcorrelation structure. The results of the study of annual rainfall’s trend in South West Asia indicated that of the studied countries, the trend of rainfall in two countries, namely Iraq and Iran, was more critical than other countries and showed an approximate drop of 1.2 and 1.03 mm, respectively, in total annual rainfall year on year. All the regions of these two countries were studied and showed a declining trend of rainfall on an annual scale, and due to the rainfall shortage, these countries can be considered to be facing crisis. The results of annual and seasonal rainfall distribution in the studied area showed that, apart from winter, all of the studied scales during the period of 2005–2014 have shown a regular distribution of rainfall from 1970 to 1997, which is due to the declining trend in monthly rainfall and changes that reduce the monthly rainfall as a result of the regular distribution of rainfall between seasons and years. Moreover, the results indicated that in winter, rainfall distribution in Iran and its eastern neighbors were more irregular during the statistical period of the study, which could be the result of a rainfall disorder affecting these countries in the past decade. The irregular distribution of rainfall causes rainfall to be unevenly distributed across the seasons, which will then cause extreme rainfall. Keywords Asia . Middle East . Modified Mann–Kendall . Rainfall density . Trend
Introduction Iran is located in the center of the dry world and is severely affected by the deserts in Central Asia and Middle East and Africa (Tahroudi et al. 2018). Climate change and global warming have led to the spread of persistent droughts, and this change causes the uneven distribution of rainfall affecting water resources (Al-Awadhi et al. 2014; Al-Ghadban et al. 2008). The Middle East is no exception to these impacts, and in these areas, as elsewhere in the world, water supplies Editorial handling: Fernando Pacheco * Hossein Khozeymehnezhad [email protected] Mohammad Nazeri Tahroudi [email protected] 1
Department of Water Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
will reduce causing a shortage of water supplies in the future. There is threat of more than four billion inhabitants of the planet being affected by land degradation and water depletion (Shepherd et al. 2016). Despite the scientific growth and increased awareness of the regional and global consequences of climate change, little attention has been paid to the effects of these changes in the Middle East and Central Asia. But vario
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