Anthraquinone-Based Natural Colourants from Insects
Increasing concerns about the rising pollution in the recent years has resulted in creation of more awareness about the use of natural products in textile applications and has led to strong consumer demand for the use of ‘green’ products based on renewabl
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Abstract Increasing concerns about the rising pollution in the recent years has resulted in creation of more awareness about the use of natural products in textile applications and has led to strong consumer demand for the use of ‘green’ products based on renewable materials. Subsequently, in textile industries, scientists and polymer chemists have focussed their momentum towards the development of substitute to synthetic dyeing and finishing agents. It is only in the past few decades or so the joint efforts by scientists, academicians and R&D organizations have dramatically increased the market for colourants extracted from plants, minerals and insects. Insect-derived colourants, among different dye sources, have opened new interesting fields for textile and polymer researchers. This chapter first highlights sources, classification and finally discusses the production of natural colourants from well-known dye-bearing insects for use in textile dyeing and finishing. Keywords Dyes
Insects Kermes Lac Cochineal
1 Introduction In primitive times, crude extracts from seeds, flowers, stems, barks, berries and leaves from various plant species have been used for coloration of textiles and decoration of human caves and dwellings [4, 29, 30]. After the discovery of weaving at about 5000 B.C., it is well documented that Egyptians started dyeing by 3000 B.C. Recorded history has shown that the nails of Egyptian Mummies were dyed with Lawsonia inermis. Ancient Egyptians were using naturally occurring coloured minerals for various colours required. They also used several vegetable dyes: madder, safflower and alkanet for red; indigo for blue; and the bark of the pomegranate tree for yellow. Alizarin, a red pigment extracted from madder, has been detected on red fabrics found in Tutankhamun’s tomb in Egypt [47]. Shahid-ul-Islam (&) F. Mohammad Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2017 S.S. Muthu (ed.), Textiles and Clothing Sustainability, Textile Science and Clothing Technology, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2185-5_3
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Shahid-ul-Islam and F. Mohammad
With the discovery of first violet synthetic dye ‘Mauveine’ by William Henry Perkin, in 1856, the use of natural dyes in textile coloration industries decreased to a large extend [1, 3, 7, 26]. Synthetic dyes received faster global acceptability due to wide range of applications in various fields, and reproducibility in shades and overall cost factor combined with inherent problems encountered with natural dye applications [16, 36]. Synthetic dyestuff, in particular azo dyes, may cause skin allergies, waste products and have come under severe criticism for their high environmental pollution, at the stage of manufacturing as well as application. Owing to this, strict ecological and economic restrictions over the applied chemicals, including bans on some synthetic dyes (e.g. azo and benzidine dyes), have been imposed by many countries including Germany, European Union, USA a
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