Anticancer Activity Study and Density Functional/Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (DFT/TD-DFT) Calculations of 2
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Anticancer Activity Study and Density Functional/Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (DFT/TD-DFT) Calculations of 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24)-Tetrakis-(6-Methylpyridin-2-Yloxy) Phthalocyaninato Zn(II) Işik Didem Karagöz 1 & Yusuf Yilmaz 2 & Kayode Sanusi 3 Received: 9 April 2020 / Accepted: 30 June 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is one of the major therapeutic methods for the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. Recently, cell culture has been used to determine the effect of a given substance on various pathological conditions, such as cancer. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of a Zn- phthalocyanine (ZnPc) derivative on selected cancer cells via a cell culture medium. Methylthiazole tetrazolium (MTT) assay was applied to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24)–tetrakis-(6-methylpyridin-2-yloxy)phthalocyaninato Zn(II) on rat glioma cells (C6 glioma), human lung cancer cells (H1299) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The levels of the lipid peroxidation were determined by measuring the amount of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) produced using the TBARS assay. The relationship between the oxidative damage and the effective concentration of cytotoxic ZnPc was determined from the results. The apoptotic and genotoxic effects of the phthalocyanine (Pc) were also investigated. Density functional/time-dependent density functional theory (DFT/TD-DFT) methods were used to determine the molecular excited state properties of the ZnPc and chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) previously reported by Castilho-Fernandes et al. The computed and experimental data were used to establish a link between the electronic and anticancer properties of the Pcs. Keywords Photodynamic therapy (PDT) . Cytotoxicity . Oxidative damage . Density functional theory (DFT)
Introduction Phthalocyanines (Pcs) and their derivatives have been used as photosensors in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer [1–3]. PDT today, is still being used as a curative therapy for malignancies despite the advances in surgical techniques, radiotherapy and chemotherapy [4, 5]. The significant progress
* Yusuf Yilmaz [email protected] * Kayode Sanusi [email protected] 1
Department of Biology, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
2
NT Vocational School, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
3
Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
recorded so far in the development of PDT in cancer treatment, may largely be attributed to the frequent in vitro and in vivo studies that have been carried out on several anticancer photosensors in recent years [5–7]. Tissues and cells that are the closest match are used in these in vivo and in vitro studies intended to predict the therapeutic effects of the photosensors in cancer treatment. In PDT, the sensitizers are stimulated with visible light in the presence of molecular oxygen leading to the producti
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