Anticipatory Behavior in Adaptive Learning Systems Foundations,
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Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science
2684
3
Berlin Heidelberg New York Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo
Martin V. Butz Olivier Sigaud Pierre Gérard (Eds.)
Anticipatory Behavior in Adaptive Learning Systems Foundations, Theories, and Systems
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Series Editors Jaime G. Carbonell, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA J¨org Siekmann, University of Saarland, Saarbr¨ucken, Germany Volume Editors Martin V. Butz University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory (IlliGAL) 104 S. Mathews Av., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA E-mail: [email protected] and University of Würzburg Department of Cognitive Psychology Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Olivier Sigaud Pierre Gérard Laboratoire d’Informatique de Paris 6 (Lip6) AnimatLab 8, rue du Capitaine Scott, 75015 Paris, France E-mail: {olivier.sigaud/pierre.gerard}@lip6.fr Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at . CR Subject Classification (1998): I.2, F.1, F.2.2, J.4 ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN 3-540-40429-5 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a member of BertelsmannSpringer Science+Business Media GmbH http://www.springer.de © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003 Printed in Germany Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by Boller Mediendesign Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 10927809 06/3142 543210
Foreword
The matter of anticipation is, as the editors of this volume state in their preface, a rather new topic. Given the almost constant use we make of anticipation in our daily living, it seems odd that the bulk of psychologists have persistently ignored it. However, the reason for this disregard is not difficult to find. The dogma of the scientific revolution had from the outset laid down the principle that future conditions and events could not influence the present. The law of causation clearly demands that causes should precede their effects and, therefore, concepts such as purpose, anticipation, and even intention were taboo because they were thought to involve things and happenings that lay ahead in time. An analysis of the three concepts – purpose, ant
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