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Bleeding events: 6 case reports In a retrospective single center study of 85 patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF), who underwent elective non-cardiac surgery in Japan between June 2012 and December 2018, six patients including 3 women and 3 men (aged 62-82 years) were described, who developed post-operative bleeding, macrohaematuria or bloody stool following anticoagulant treatment with apixaban, rivaroxaban, heparin, unspecified antiplatelet drug or overdose of dabigatran etexilate [not all routes, dosages and outcomes stated]. A 75-year-old woman with paroxysmal AF had been receiving treatment with oral apixaban 5 mg/day. She was then admitted for scheduled open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of femoral neck fractures. On the day of the surgery, apixaban was stopped, and then she underwent ORIF. She had received apixaban therapy for a total of 34 days prior to the surgery. On postoperative day 1, she developed bleeding with decrease in haemoglobin level. Therefore, she received red cell concentrate transfusion. A 65-year-old woman with paroxysmal AF had been receiving treatment with oral apixaban 5 mg/day. She had a significant history of congestive heart failure and rectal cancer. She was admitted for a scheduled laparascopic colectomy. Two days prior to the surgery, her apixaban therapy was discontinued. She had received apixaban therapy for a total of 622 days prior to the surgery. Subsequently, she underwent laparascopic colectomy. On postoperative day 2, she developed bleeding with decreased in haemoglobin level. Therefore, she received red cell concentrate transfusion. A 74-year-old woman with paroxysmal AF had been receiving treatment with oral rivaroxaban 10 mg/day. She had a significant history of congestive heart failure. She was admitted for a scheduled ilio-femoral bypass. Rivaroxaban was not interrupted during the surgery. She had received rivaroxaban therapy for a total of 870 days prior to the surgery. On postoperative day 2, she developed bleeding with decreased in haemoglobin level. Therefore, she received red cell concentrate transfusion. A 62-year-old man with persistent AF had been receiving treatment with oral rivaroxaban 10 mg/day. He had a significant history of bladder cancer and congestive heart failure. He was admitted for a scheduled transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). One day prior to the surgery, his rivaroxaban therapy was discontinued. He had received rivaroxaban therapy for total of 347 days prior to the surgery. Subsequently, he underwent TURBT. On postoperative day 1, rivaroxaban therapy was restarted. On postoperative day 3, he developed macrohaematuria. Hence, rivaroxaban therapy was discontinued. An 82-year-old man with persistent AF had been receiving treatment with oral dabigatran etexilate [dabigatran] 220 mg/day (overdose) and unspecified antiplatelet drug. He had a significant history of colon cancer. He was admitted for a scheduled laparascopic colectomy. Seven days prior to the surgery, dabigatran etexilate therapy was disconti