Application of Huwa-San TR50 as an alternative disinfectant for municipal wastewater reuse in irrigation
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Application of Huwa‑San TR50 as an alternative disinfectant for municipal wastewater reuse in irrigation A. Elfeky1 · M. M. AlHarbi2 · A. Alataway3 Received: 17 August 2019 / Revised: 3 February 2020 / Accepted: 2 June 2020 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2020
Abstract The potential health risk related to wastewater reuse in agriculture remains a major environmental concern; although chlorine is predominantly used to treat wastewater, it leaves behind harmful disinfection by-products. Thus, in this study, a new secondary disinfectant Huwa-San (HS) has been used to reduce the harmful components in wastewater treatment plants. The effluent quality of four wastewater treatment plants and their transport lines in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were monitored for 8 months. The description of plants, effluent quality data, and their conformity to the standards are presented. The outcomes of this investigation proved that the mean values of disinfection by HS was more effective than chlorine in decreasing turbidity, ammonia, and E. coli by 2.3%, 20% and 100% in the plants and 97%, 25% and 100% in the transport lines (TL), respectively, while chlorination was more effective than HS in minimizing nitrate concentration and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), by 6% and 6% in the plants and in the TL, by 1% and 11%, respectively. The mean values of SAR, EC, and pH under both disinfectants were within water quality Saudi Standard. A monitoring survey at the WWTPs revealed that HS treatment met most of the quality requirements for unrestricted irrigation, whereas chlorine treatment did not achieve most of the quality requirements for restricted irrigation. Keywords Chlorine · Huwa-San · Heavy metals · E. coli · Wastewater treatment plants
Introduction The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development defines 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) toward ending poverty, protecting the planet, and preserving peace and prosperity (UN General Assembly 2015). The reduction of Editorial responsibility: M. Abbaspour. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02796-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * A. Elfeky [email protected] 1
Agricultural Engineering Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
2
Soil Science Department, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
3
PSIPW Chair, Prince Sultan Institute for Environmental, Water and Desert Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally is recommended in target 6.3 (Petousi et al. 2019). The rapid increase in the water demand in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region projected to the doubling of the population over the past 30 years Moreover, these arid and semi-arid countries represent 5% of the world population; however, it contains less than 1% of the global
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