Application of photoluminescence spectroscopy to elucidate photocatalytic reactions at the molecular level
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Application of photoluminescence spectroscopy to elucidate photocatalytic reactions at the molecular level Qinghe Li1 · Masakazu Anpo1,2 · Xinchen Wang1 Received: 29 May 2020 / Accepted: 26 June 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The present review covers the outline of the application of photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy to understand the photocatalytic reactions on the bulk semiconducting materials and highly dispersed metal oxide single-site heterogeneous catalysts at their working states. The first part focuses on the applications of PL spectroscopy to elucidate the surface active sites and surface band structures of the inorganic and organic bulk semiconducting photocatalysts at their working states. The second part describes the applications of in situ PL spectroscopy to elucidate the surface active sites of the highly dispersed metal oxide single-site heterogeneous catalysts and their roles in photocatalytic reactions at the molecular level. The last part is a brief conclusion and future direction of PL studies. Keywords Photoluminescence · Photocatalysis · Transition metal oxides · Singlesite · Semiconducting materials · Carbon nitride
Introduction Photoluminescence (PL) is defined as the radiation emitted from the electronic excited state of a molecule (or material) to its ground electronic state subsequently by absorbing the light energy from an external source to lead to its excited state. PL spectroscopy involving lifetime measurement, intensity and line shape determination has been widely used in exploring the molecular photochemistry in homogeneous systems such as the gas-phase and liquid-phase, and then in crystal solids for a long time. During such progress in homogeneous systems, the photochemistry in * Masakazu Anpo [email protected]‑u.ac.jp * Xinchen Wang [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment and College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
2
Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599‑8531, Japan
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certain constrained environments such as adsorption on solid surfaces such as silica and zeolites has also been actively investigated. At the same time, many scientists also showed their interest in the photochemical reactivity of solids themselves, such as semiconducting materials, in relation with the conversion of light energy into chemical energy through the excitation of those photo-functional materials. In those historical progresses, PL spectroscopy has been applied for the characterization of the surface active sites of the heterogeneous catalysts related to adsorption, catalysis and photocatalysis. In fact, many useful information about the energy states and structural character of heterogeneous catalytic material at the molecular level has been reported by monitoring the PL (florescence and/or phosphorescence) at the working states [1–4]. Nowadays, PL is widely used as one of the fundamental tools to study the local c
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