Application of progressive freezing on forward osmosis draw solute recovery
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WATER ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND STATE OF THE ART TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Application of progressive freezing on forward osmosis draw solute recovery Huy Quang Le 1,2 & Thi Xuan Quynh Nguyen 1 & Shiao-Shing Chen 1 Hau-Ming Chang 1 & Saikat Sinha Ray 1 & Nguyen Cong Nguyen 2
& Chinh Cong Duong
1,3
& Thanh Ngoc-Dan Cao
1,4
&
Received: 3 January 2019 / Accepted: 26 July 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Progressive freezing is a solvent purification technology with low energy requirements and high concentration efficiency. Although these advantages make it a promising technology, the technique has never been explored for draw solution recovery for forward osmosis (FO). Hence, in this study, the progressive freezing process was used to concentrate three common diluted draw solutions: NaCl, MgCl2, and EDTA-2Na with different ice front speeds, stirring rates, and initial draw solution concentrations. Effective partition and intrinsic partition constants were also evaluated. The results reveal that the freezing process can achieve a draw solution recovery rate of 99.73%, 99.06%, and 98.65% with NaCl, MgCl2, and EDTA-2Na, respectively, using an ice front speed of 0.5 cm/h, a stirring rate of 2.62 m/s, and 30% of percentage of ice phase. Higher concentration efficiency for NaCl and MgCl2 was achieved due to the high solubility of NaCl and MgCl2 increased solute diffusion into the liquid phase solutions. The concentration factors for all three draw solutions exceeded 1.9, indicating that the draw solutes could be reused for the FO process. In addition, the two mass transfer coefficients depended on the ice front speed and the stirring rates were also obtained for scaling up the experiment in the future. Keywords Forward osmosis . Draw solution recovery . Progressive freeze concentration . Partition constant
Introduction
Responsible editor: Angeles Blanco Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06079-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Shiao-Shing Chen [email protected] 1
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
2
Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Dalat University, 01 Phu Dong Thien Vuong Street, Da Lat City 66000, Vietnam
3
Southern Institute of Water Resources Research, 658 Vo Van Kiet Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
4
Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh Street, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
Forward osmosis (FO) is a multipurpose technology applied in many fields, such as desalination (Dabaghian et al. 2016; Nguyen et al. 2015; Ray et al. 2016; Ray et al. 2018a; Ray et al. 2018b; Shaffer et al. 2012; Valladares Linares and Li 2014), power generation (Achilli et al. 2009a; McGinnis et al. 2007; Saito et al. 2012; Wan and Chung 2015), wastewater treatment (Achilli et al. 2009b; Luo et al. 2017;
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