Applications of chitosan-based biomaterials: a focus on dependent antimicrobial properties
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REVIEW
Applications of chitosan‑based biomaterials: a focus on dependent antimicrobial properties Zhenwei Deng1 · Ting Wang1 · Xiguang Chen1,2 · Ya Liu1 Received: 18 February 2020 / Accepted: 18 March 2020 © Ocean University of China 2020
Abstract Marine-derived chitosan has been widely examined for its use in developing biomedical materials. Not only is it non-toxic, biocompatible, and degradable, it has also shown unique antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial properties of chitosan are restricted by neutral and physiological conditions because it is insoluble in water and its pKa values is 6.5. One solution to this problem is to graft chemically modified groups onto the backbone of chitosan. The aim of this paper is to review the mode of antimicrobial action of chitosan and chitosan derivatives. Using chitosan alone may not meet the demands of various applications. However, the introduction of additional polymers and antimicrobial agents is commonly used to enhance the antimicrobial potential of chitosan-based biomaterials. Chitosan-based composite biomaterials have been developed that allow diversified formulations to broaden applications, including nanoparticles, hydrogels, films, sponges, fibers, or even microspheres. These along with recent advances on chitosan-based composite biomaterials used for wound healing, food packaging, textile sector, 3D printing and dental materials, were reviewed in detail. Keywords Chitosan · Derivatives · Antimicrobial · Wound · Food packaging · Textile
Introduction Chitosan (CS), a natural polysaccharide, is a deacetylated biopolymer from chitin. Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide on the planet (Park et al. 2011; Tang et al. 2010), is widely found in the animal and plant kingdoms, including yeast, green algae, insects and crustaceans. Chitin is also a component of the skeleton of crustaceans, the cell wall of fungi, and the cuticle of some insects. It also exists in exoskeletons, tendons, and the linings of excretory, respiratory, and digestive systems of arthropods, as well as the eyes of arthropods and cephalopods (Khoushab et al. 2010). Although its sources are extensive, the primary source of Zhenwei Deng and Ting Wang contributed equally to this work. Edited by Xin Yu. * Ya Liu [email protected] 1
College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
2
chitin is the ocean. The estimated annual output of chitin in the ocean is billions of tons (Souza et al. 2011). Commercially, chitin and chitosan are obtained from shellfish waste, such as crabs, crayfish, lobster, shrimps, prawn, krill, and cuttlefish (Kaya et al. 2014). The shellfish waste from shrimps and crabs contains 14–27% and 13–15% chitin or chitosan, respectively (Varun et al. 2017). CS is a high-molecular-weight linear polycationic heteropolysaccharide composed of copolymers of β-1, 4-linked d -glucosamine and N-acetyl- d -glucosamine (Park et al. 2011). Water-insoluble C
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