Applied Fluid Mechanics in the Environment, Technology and Health
The objective of this chapter is to review the importance of fluid dynamics research and its impact on science and technology. Here we consider four particular areas of study, namely environmental fluid mechanics, turbulence, nano- and microfluids, and bi
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Abstract The objective of this chapter is to review the importance of fluid dynamics research and its impact on science and technology. Here we consider four particular areas of study, namely environmental fluid mechanics, turbulence, nano- and microfluids, and biofluid dynamics, with deeper emphasis on environmental flows. Each of these topics is illustrative of how improved scientific knowledge of fluid dynamics can have a major impact on important national needs and worldwide economies, as well as help developed nations to maintain their leadership in the production of novel technologies.
J. Klapp (&) Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, ININ, Km. 36.5, Carretera México-Toluca, 52750 La Marquesa, Estado de México, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] J. Klapp Departamento de Matemáticas, Cinvestav del I.P.N., 07360 México, D.F., Mexico L. D. G. Sigalotti L. Trujillo Centro de Física, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, IVIC, Apartado Postal 20632, 1020 Caracas, Venezuela e-mail: [email protected] L. Trujillo e-mail: [email protected] L. Trujillo The Abdus Salam, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, ICTP, Trieste, Italy C. Stern Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, C. Exterior s/n, 04510 Coyoacán, D.F., Mexico e-mail: [email protected]
J. Klapp et al. (eds.), Fluid Dynamics in Physics, Engineering and Environmental Applications, Environmental Science and Engineering, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-27723-8_1, Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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1 Introduction The science of fluid mechanics describes the motion of liquids and gases and their interactions with solid boundaries. It is a broad, interdisciplinary field that touches almost every aspect of our daily lives, and it is central to much of science and engineering. It is one of the most challenging and exciting fields of scientific activity mainly because of the complexity of the subject and the breadth of the applications. Fluid dynamics impacts astrophysics, biology, chemistry, medicine, electronics, defense, homeland security, transportation, manufacturing, energy, and the environment. The quest for deeper understanding has inspired numerous advances in applied mathematics, computational physics, and experimental techniques. A central problem is that the governing differential equations, the NavierStokes equations, have no general analytical solution, and so much effort has been concentrated in developing mathematical models from which computer-aided numerical solutions can be obtained for specific applications. The dawn of the twentieth century marked the beginning of the numerical solutions of differential equations in mathematical physics and engineering. The development of modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) began with the advent of the digital computer in the early 1950s. Historically, finite difference and finite element methods for solving numerically the Navier-Stokes equations dominated the CFD communi
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