Applied Reliability and Quality Fundamentals, Methods and Procedures

Global competition and other factors are forcing manufacturers and others to produce highly reliable and good quality products and services. This means that reliability and quality principles are now being applied across many diverse sectors of economy an

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Series Editor Professor Hoang Pham Department of Industrial Engineering Rutgers The State University of New Jersey 96 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway, NJ 08854-8018 USA

Other titles in this series The Universal Generating Function in Reliability Analysis and Optimization Gregory Levitin Warranty Management and Product Manufacture D.N.P Murthy and Wallace R. Blischke Maintenance Theory of Reliability Toshio Nakagawa Reliability and Optimal Maintenance Hongzhou Wang and Hoang Pham System Software Reliability Hoang Pham

B.S. Dhillon

Applied Reliability and Quality Fundamentals, Methods and Procedures

123

B. S. Dhillon, PhD Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Ottawa Ottawa, Ontario Canada

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Dhillon, B. S. (Balbir S.), 1947– Applied reliability and quality : fundamentals, methods and applications. – (Springer series in reliability engineering) 1. Reliability (Engineering) 2. Quality control I.Title 620'.00452 ISBN-13: 9781846284977 ISBN-10: 184628497X Library of Congress Control Number: 2006939314 Springer Series in Reliability Engineering series ISSN 1614-7839 ISBN 978-1-84628-497-7 e-ISBN 978-1-84628-498-4

Printed on acid-free paper

© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2007 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Springer Science+Business Media springer.com

This book is affectionately dedicated to my colleague Professor Stavros Tavoularis for helping me to trace my ancient Scythian ancestry that resulted in the publication of a book on the matter and for challenging me to write 30 books.

Foreword

In today’s technological world nearly everyone depends upon the continued functioning of a wide array of complex machinery and equipment for our everyday safety, security, mobility, and economic welfare. We expect our electric appliances, hospital monitoring control, next-generation aircraft, data exchange systems, banking, and aerospace applications to function whenever we need them. When they fail, the results can be catastrophic. As our society grows in complexity, there is a need to understand the critical