Architecting Dependable Systems IV

As software systems become ubiquitous, the issues of dependability become more and more crucial. Given that solutions to these issues must be considered from the very beginning of the design process, it is reasonable that dependability is addressed at the

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Editorial Board David Hutchison Lancaster University, UK Takeo Kanade Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Josef Kittler University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Jon M. Kleinberg Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Friedemann Mattern ETH Zurich, Switzerland John C. Mitchell Stanford University, CA, USA Moni Naor Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Oscar Nierstrasz University of Bern, Switzerland C. Pandu Rangan Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Bernhard Steffen University of Dortmund, Germany Madhu Sudan Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA Demetri Terzopoulos University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Doug Tygar University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Moshe Y. Vardi Rice University, Houston, TX, USA Gerhard Weikum Max-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbruecken, Germany

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Rogério de Lemos Cristina Gacek Alexander Romanovsky (Eds.)

Architecting Dependable Systems IV

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Volume Editors Rogério de Lemos University of Kent, Computing Laboratory Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NF, UK E-mail: [email protected] Cristina Gacek Alexander Romanovsky Newcastle University, School of Computing Science Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK E-mail: {cristina.gacek, alexander.romanovsky}@ncl.ac.uk

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007931900 CR Subject Classification (1998): D.2, D.4 LNCS Sublibrary: SL 2 – Programming and Software Engineering ISSN ISBN-10 ISBN-13

0302-9743 3-540-74033-3 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York 978-3-540-74033-9 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 Printed in Germany Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by Scientific Publishing Services, Chennai, India Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 12102341 06/3180 543210

Foreword

On a recent visit to Sweden I had the pleasure of traveling by train between Stockholm and Malmö over several segments that spanned a few days. The trains always ran on time and were very comfortable. Particularly convenient was the fact that a passenger could get on the Internet during the trip simply by using her ticket number as the access code. One of the features on the on-line provider’s home page was a map of that area of Sweden, with the train’s current location updated in real-time. Impressed by this, I made a point of mentioning it to my Swedish host, and the conversation quickly turned to how much today’s systems, such as my tr