Architectural design and fabrication approaches for solid-state batteries
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Introduction Solid-state batteries are receiving intense interest, especially because of the improved safety by replacing flammable liquid electrolytes with solid ones.1 Solid-state batteries offer unique advantages over conventional liquid-electrolyte batteries including (1) the prevention of electrode cross-talk,2 (2) the formation of a less dynamic interphase that does not continually reform during long-term cycling,3 (3) the possibility for extremely high power and ultrathick electrode because of high concentration of metal ions per unit volume and the absence of an electrolyte concentration gradient,4,5 and (4) the possibility for bipolar design wherein the negative plate of one cell is also the positive plate of the next cell.6 Despite these great promises, many challenges remain in both fundamental understanding and manufacturing of solidstate batteries. Although the ionic conductivities of solid electrolytes have approached those of liquid electrolytes,7,8 a highly conductive solid electrolyte alone is still insufficient for a high-performance solid-state battery. The interfacial stability,9–11 lithium dendrite suppression,12–14 processing, and fabrication6,15 are also critical for practical applications of solid-state batteries. In particular, market adoption of solid-state batteries requires large-scale fabrication at costs
comparable to those for conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which has so far not been achieved. Here, we present our perspectives on the architectural design and fabrication approaches of solid-state batteries with the aim to promote their practical application.
Current architectures and fabrication approaches of solid-state batteries Conventional LIBs use porous electrodes (both cathode and anode) and a porous separator with the pores filled with a liquid electrolyte.16 On the other hand, solid-state batteries are usually made of dense layers of electrodes and electrolytes (Figure 1a). The use of dense layers is not only beneficial for high volumetric energy density, but also a prerequisite for intimate interfacial contact and fast Li+ conduction. The cathode of solid-state batteries is usually a composite layer of an active material, an ionically conductive solid electrolyte, and electronically conductive carbon. Conductive carbon is excluded sometimes if the electronic conductivity of the active material is sufficiently high.17–19 A high mechanical strength for the dense cathodes is required to sustain any volume change of the active materials since there is no free space to accommodate such changes. A dense layer of
Fang Hao, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, USA; [email protected] Fudong Han, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, USA; [email protected] Yanliang Liang, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, USA; [email protected] Chunsheng Wang, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, USA; [email protected] Yan Yao, Department of El
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