Argentine Toba
- PDF / 97,265 Bytes
- 9 Pages / 576.314 x 719.673 pts Page_size
- 62 Downloads / 171 Views
Argentine Toba
McKusick, V. A. (Ed.). (1978). Medical genetic studies of the Amish. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Miller, L. (1981). The role of a braucher-chiropractor in an Amish community. The Mennonite Quarterly Review, 55(2), 157–171. Nolt, S. M. (1992). A history of the Amish. Intercourse, PA: Good Books. Olshan, M. A. (1991). The opening of Amish society: Cottage industry as Trojan horse. Human Organization, 50, 378–384. Palmer, C. V. (1992). The health beliefs and practices of an Old Order Amish family. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 4, 117–122.
Tripp-Reimer, T., Sorofman, B., Lauer, G., Martin, M., & Afifi, L. (1988). To be different from the world: Patterns of elder care among Iowa Old Order Amish. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 3, 185–195. Waltman, G. H. (1996). Amish health care beliefs and practices. In M. C. Julia (Ed.), Multicultural awareness in the health care professions (pp. 23–41). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Yoder, K. K. (1997). Nursing intervention considerations among Amish older persons. Journal of Multicultural Nursing and Health, 3, 48–52.
Argentine Toba Claudia R. Valeggia and Florencia Tola
ALTERNATIVE NAMES There are no current alternative names for the Toba, although Spanish colonizers used the collective term Guaycurú to refer to many indigenous communities inhabiting the Gran Chaco. The name frentones (“large foreheads” in Spanish) was in widespread use for eastern Toba bands in the early centuries of contact. The Toba call themselves Qom or Qom’pi (people).
LOCATION AND LINGUISTIC AFFILIATION The Toba have inhabited mostly the southeastern and central areas of the Argentine Gran Chaco. The Gran Chaco is a vast region spanning 1,000,000 km2 through Western Paraguay, Eastern Bolivia, and Northeastern Argentina. It is characterized by a patchwork of savannah grasslands and semi-arid forests, with forests along riverbanks. A marked East–West gradient of rainfall makes the western area considerably drier than the eastern. Seasonal changes in temperature are pronounced. Minimum daily temperatures below 10C, with occasional frosts, can occur between April and September, whereas maximum daily temperatures above 33C are frequent and are concentrated between September and March. At present, Toba communities are found mostly in the provinces of Chaco and Formosa, although peri-urban
settlements around major cities in the provinces of Santa Fe and Buenos Aires are increasing in population numbers as well. The Toba belong to the Guaycurú linguistic family, which also encompasses the Pilagá, the Mocoví, and the Mbayá (Caduveo) (Mason, 1963). However, the number of languages and dialects in what is collectively known as the “Toba” language is still controversial (Braunstein, personal communication). There are at least four mutually unintelligible languages spoken by Toba groups in the Gran Chaco. For example, even when sharing the same Guaycurúan language root, eastern and western Argentine Toba do not understand each other when they meet (Mendoza,
Data Loading...
