Arousal from death feigning by vibrational stimuli: comparison of Tribolium species
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Arousal from death feigning by vibrational stimuli: comparison of Tribolium species Ryo Ishihara1 · Kentarou Matsumura1 · Jordan Elouise Jones2 · Ji Yuhao1 · Ryusuke Fujisawa3 · Naohisa Nagaya4 · Takahisa Miyatake1 Received: 29 May 2020 / Accepted: 6 October 2020 © Japan Ethological Society 2020
Abstract Death feigning (or tonic immobility) is an effective antipredator strategy. However, prolonged immobility on the ground increases the risk of being parasitized or eaten by predators, and thus, insects must rouse themselves when appropriate stimulation is provided. Very few studies on the effect of stimulus intensity on arousal from death feigning have been conducted. A previous study using Tribolium castaneum showed an existing threshold for the intensity of the stimulus that causes arousal from death feigning. Whether there are differences between species in the threshold for arousal is an interesting question. In the present study, we, therefore, compared the effect of stimulus strength on arousal from death feigning in two closely related species, namely, T. confusum and T. freemani, which are established strains that have been artificially selected for longer duration of death feigning. Also, part of the study was to determine whether there was a positive association between intensity of stimulus needed to rouse and the duration of death feigning. We discuss why there is a difference in the strength of the stimulus needed for arousal from death feigning among Tribolium species, for which we included the data for T. castaneum from a previous study. Keywords Beetle · Death feigning · Selection experiment · Species comparison · Thanatosis · Tonic immobility · Tribolium
Introduction Death-feigning behaviors (sometimes called tonic immobility or thanatosis) have been observed across many animal taxa (e.g., Miyatake et al. 2004, 2009; Cassill et al. 2008; Rogers and Simpson 2014; Ruxton et al. 2018; Humphreys and Ruxton 2018; Skelhorn 2018). Death-feigning behaviors
* Takahisa Miyatake miyatake@okayama‑u.ac.jp 1
Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita‑ku, Okayama City, 700‑8530, Japan
2
Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
3
School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680‑4 Kawazu, Iizuka‑shi, Fukuoka 820‑8502, Japan
4
Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita‑ku, Kyoto 603‑8555, Japan
are thought to be an adaptive defense against predators (Miyatake et al. 2004, 2009; Honma et al. 2006; Ohno and Miyatake 2007), a tactic to avoid sexual harassment (Khelifa 2017), a strategy to avoid individuals of conspecific species (Cassill et al. 2008), or as a predator strategy to approach and attack prey without moving (McKaye 1981). To date, a large proportion of research has been concerned with the st
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