Arterial growth and remodelling is driven by hemodynamics
Experimental observations highlight the importance of altered hemodynamics on arterial function and adaptation [27 , 28 , 29 ]. We discuss a class of mechano-biological models for growth and remodelling (G&R) of the arterial wall that describe the int
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Arterial growth and remodelling is driven by hemodynamics Luca Cardamone, and Jay D. Humphrey
Abstract. Experimental observations highlight the importance of altered hemodynamics on arterial function and adaptation [27, 28, 29]. We discuss a class of mechano-biological models for growth and remodelling (G&R) of the arterial wall that describe the intimate interaction between hemodynamics, cell activity, and arterial wall mechanics. For some applications the artery can be described as a thin walled structure: for example, basic adaptations to perturbed pressure and flow, cerebral aneurysms, and vasospasms have been successfully modelled treating the vascular wall as a membrane. A multiple-time scales membrane model is described and illustrative results discussed. Future patient-specific models of large arteries and pathologies as atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysms require a full 3D model of the interaction between the blood flow and the growing vessel. We discuss the extension of the model to thick walled vessels and some preliminary results.
7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Arterial structure The vasculature consists of a complex system of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. Each vessel serves a unique function and exhibits unique behaviour. The microstructure of the normal arterial wall varies with location along the vascular tree, age, species, local adaptation and disease; thus, one must focus on the particular vessel and condition of interest. Nonetheless, arteries can be cateLuca Cardamone ( ) Sector of Functional Analysis and Applications, SISSA–International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy e-mail: [email protected] Jay D. Humphrey Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA e-mail: [email protected]
Ambrosi D., Quarteroni A., Rozza G. (Eds.): Modeling of Physiological Flows. DOI 10.1007/978-88-470-1935-5 7, © Springer-Verlag Italia 2012
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L. Cardamone, and J.D. Humphrey
Fig. 7.1. Structural anatomy of an artery. See [20] for more detailed pictures underlining peculiar features of elastic and muscular arteries
gorized according to two general types: “elastic arteries”, including the aorta, main pulmonary arteries, common carotids, and common iliacs, and “muscular arteries”, which include the coronaries, cerebrals, femorals and renals. Elastic arteries tend to be larger-diameter vessels located closer to the heart, whereas muscular arteries are smaller-diameter vessels closer to the arterioles. Transitional arteries, such as the external carotids, exhibit some characteristics of the elastic and muscular types [20]. Regardless of the type, all arteries consist of three layers: the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia (Fig. 7.1). The intima is similar in most elastic and muscular arteries, typically consisting of a monolayer of endothelial cells and an underlying thin (∼80 nm) basal lamina. Exceptions include the aorta and coronary arteries in which the intima may contain a subendothelial layer of connective tissue a
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