Artificial intelligence applied to the production of high-added-value dinoflagellates toxins
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Artificial intelligence applied to the production of high‑added‑value dinoflagellates toxins Jean‑louis Kraus1 Received: 27 October 2019 / Accepted: 28 February 2020 © Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Trade in high-value-added toxins for therapeutic and biological use is expanding. These toxins are generally derived from microalgae belonging to the dinoflagellate family. Due to the difficulties to grow these sensitive planktonic species and to the complexity of methods used to synthesize these molecules, which are generally complex chemical structures, biotoxin manufacturers called on artificial intelligence technologies. Manufacturing processes have been greatly improved through the development of specific learning neural networks, applied to each phases of biotoxin production: photo-bioreactors operating at optimal yied; new chemical synthesis research processes; toxin biosynthetic research pathways offering shortcut possibilities. Keywords Artificial intelligence · Biotoxins · Dinoflagellates · Drug discovery · Neural networks
1 Introduction Hundreds of thousands of microalgae species are distributed on the surface of the globe in marine, freshwater or brackish.The long-lasting interest in bioactive molecules (toxins) produced by microalga has risen in recent years (Sun 2016; Khan 2018). Microalgae Market is valued at USD 54.64 million in 2018 and expected to reach USD 76.37 million by 2025 with a compound annual growth rate of 4.9% over the forecast period. (Brandessence Market Research 2019). Microalgae could be seen as “Cell mills producing recombinant commercial molecules”, which have encouraged the creation of numerous start-ups, specialized in the production of microalgae species (Green algae, Dinoflagellates, Red algae, Euglenoids) mainly in the western countries (Cadoret 2008). The reason for the growing interest of microalgae species is their ability to synthesize a wide variety of complex molecules recognized for their biological features with great potential for use as pharmaceuticals therapies and/or biological probes. Among myriads of microalgae species, * Jean‑louis Kraus jean‑louis.kraus@univ‑amu.fr 1
Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), UMR 7288, CNRS-Inserm -Aix Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex, France
the family of dinoflagellates is of particular interest since they exhibit wide varieties of natural compounds. The main known toxins extracted from dinoflagellate microalgae species with strong biological credit profiles are given in Table 1. Most of these dinoflagellate drugs have complex chemical structures, the development of which requires efficient chemical synthesis processes through the use of new designed retrosynthetic schemes. The case of palytoxin is a significant example of high market value since its price is around 700 US $ 100 μg. This molecule has 64 stereogenic centers; its synthesis requires more than 140 steps (Hoffmann 2012; Newhouse 2009). Start-ups, whose
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