Assessment of milk fat based on signal-to-ground voltage
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Assessment of milk fat based on signal-to-ground voltage Shilin Wu1,2 · Huang Zhang1,2 · Yamei Jin1,2 · Na Yang1,2 · Xueming Xu1,2,3 · Zhengjun Xie1,2 Received: 4 August 2020 / Accepted: 2 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study proposes an electromagnetic method for assessing fat content by measuring the signal-to-ground voltage in milk. The milk-filled spiral glass tube, acting as the secondary coil of a transformer, under different magnetic fluxes at the same frequency. The measurement system included two connected sample coils in a close-loop configuration and an open-loop configuration. The voltage at the four terminals of two coils was detected. The results indicated that the voltage at these four terminals had differential response characteristics, but their sum was consistent regardless of the configuration. A linear correlation (R2 = 0.845 and R2 = 0.941) was observed between milk fat and signal-to-ground voltage. The root mean square error (RMSE) of calibration (RMSEC) was 0.368 and 0.230 g/100 g fat content, respectively, whereas the RMSE of cross validation (RMSECV) was 0.232 and 0.599 g/100 g (fat content) for the 700 Hz, respectively. Graphic Abstract
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Keywords Signal-to-ground voltage · Milk fat · Assessment · Electromagnetic induction
Introduction There are amounts of technologies to measure physicochemical properties of the food based on electromagnetic principle [1–7]. Electrical parameters, including conductivity [8, 9], resistance, impedance [10], capacitance [11, 12], voltage [13] as well as dielectric parameters [14], are widely used in the quality assessment of agrofood products. These parameters are closely related to their physicochemical properties, such as starch gelatinization temperature [15], shelf-life [16], fruit maturity [17], juice concentration [18] and crop quality [19]. During the measurement of the parameters, sophisticated instruments, such as electrochemical workstation, impedance analyzers, inductance, capacitance, and resistance (LCR) meter, as well as network analyzers are recommended. These instruments are usually equipped with electrodes or coaxial probes, to accommodate different detection frequencies. Liquid sample analysis, using photoelectric or electrochemical signal in a wide frequency range, is used for sensing applications in various fields, such as chemistry, agriculture and food. The response behavior of a complex electrolyte system under external fields has been of interest for many years. A high linear relationship between impedance and fat content refers to the feasibility of using this parameter in the determination of milk fat at specific frequencies [20]. The cyclic voltammetry characteristics provides a better understanding of the components of milk when an electric field is used as stimulus [21]. Thus, the measurement of electrical parameters in dairy product
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