Assessment of sources and pollution state of trace and toxic elements in street dust in a metropolitan city
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Assessment of sources and pollution state of trace and toxic elements in street dust in a metropolitan city Melik Kara
Received: 25 October 2019 / Accepted: 2 April 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Street dust and urban soil samples are significant part of environmental compartments to evaluate the contamination levels in urban and industrial zones. This study was carried out to ascertain the concentrations of trace and toxic elements in Izmir street dusts collected from 20 different sites dominating by industrial (four sites), residential (seven sites) and traffic (nine sites) areas, and also to figure out the exposure of adults and children to the elemental toxicity in dust. In order to measure the total and soluble concentrations of elements, the dust samples were analyzed with ICP–MS methodology. The results indicated that concentrations of anthropogenic-based elements are homogenously spread out in whole Izmir city in a similar way to crustalbased elements. This indicates that traffic and residential heating were dominant pollutant sources throughout the city dusts. The health risk assessment showed that elemental non-carcinogenic risks are lower than limit value. However, the cancer risks exceed the acceptable level for As and Cr. According
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00560-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. M. Kara (&) Environmental Engineering Department, Dokuz Eylul University, Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Izmir, Turkey e-mail: [email protected]
to source apportionment analysis, seven factors were defined for trace elements for all site data. Keywords Trace and toxic elements Street dust Risk assessment City center Izmir
Introduction The characterization of street dust and soil in the urban and city centers differs highly from natural soil due to influencing by anthropogenic activities. Industrial and commercial activities (fuel and coal combustion, power plants, chemical plants, auto repair shop, metallurgical industry, etc.), traffic (vehicle exhaust particles, tire wear, brake wear, road surface wear) and domestic activities (residential heating, household wastes, home repairs and renovations, etc.) are base sources for a major proportion of metals and elements (Tume et al. 2018; Cardelli et al. 2017; Praveena et al. 2015; Acosta et al. 2015). Street dusts, which is mainly solid fine particles, have composed of the interaction of solid, fluid and gaseous components, which are arisen from the various sources and finally accumulate on outside in city environment (Liu et al. 2014; Shi et al. 2011). Their elemental composition determine the pollutants coming from a variety of sources, including dry and wet atmospheric deposition, water transported material from surrounding soils, biological inputs, road
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Environ Geochem Health
surface materials, constructional activities, particulates from vehicle emissi
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