Association Between PPP1R1B Polymorphisms and Defense Mechanisms in Healthy Chinese-Han Subjects
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Association Between PPP1R1B Polymorphisms and Defense Mechanisms in Healthy Chinese-Han Subjects Yinglin Huang & Jingying Li & Hui Ma & Xiaofeng Zhao & Yuan Wang & Qiu Jin & Bo Zhang & Lijuan Wu & Huan Ma & Gang Zhu
Received: 31 August 2012 / Accepted: 10 October 2012 / Published online: 19 October 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012
Abstract Defense mechanisms resulting from the interaction between biological factors and the environment have been established. In genetic studies, dopamine genes have been recognized to play an important role in the determination of defense mechanisms. DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein) plays a central role in the biology of dopamine-receptive neurons; its coding gene (PPP1R1B) has been linked to psychological and psychopathological traits. Here, we aimed to explore the association between PPP1R1B polymorphisms and defense mechanisms measured using the 88-item Defense Style Questionnaire in 400 healthy Chinese-Han subjects. Of the three polymorphisms examined, rs12601930 was associated with projection (P00.028) and splitting (P00.032), while rs3764352 was associated with splitting (P00.042). No significant association was found between rs879606 and defenses. When analyzed separately by gender, no significant association between defense mechanisms and PPP1R1B polymorphisms in males was observed. In females, however, rs12601930 was significantly associated with splitting (P00.018), and rs879606, with projection (P0 0.015), help-rejecting complaining (P00.030), and immature defense style (P00.031), while rs3764352 was not associated with any defense. The distribution of genotypes between the low- and high-scoring subgroups for each defense style showed no significant differences. Our results Y. Huang : J. Li : H. Ma : X. Zhao : Y. Wang : Q. Jin : B. Zhang : L. Wu : H. Ma : G. Zhu (*) Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China e-mail: [email protected] J. Li Department of Scientific Research and Subject Construction, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
suggest that PPP1R1B polymorphisms are, at least partially, responsible for immature defenses. Keywords Defense mechanism . PPP1R1B polymorphism . Defense Style Questionnaire “Defense mechanisms,” a psychoanalytic concept, were originated by Sigmund Freud and were later expanded by Anna Freud, Kernberg, and Klein. Anna Freud (1966) defined the “ego defense mechanisms” as “the ways and means by which the ego wards off unpleasure and anxiety and exercises control over impulsive behavior, affects, and instinctive urges.” As unconscious psychological processes, defense mechanisms are employed to maintain homeostasis and minimize intrapsychic conflicts, forcing their way into consciousness. In DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association 1994), defense mechanisms are defined as automatic psychological processes that protect an individual from anxiety and the awareness of internal or external threats or stresso
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