Association of aging and tooth loss with masseter muscle characteristics: an ultrasonographic study
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Association of aging and tooth loss with masseter muscle characteristics: an ultrasonographic study Kohei Yamaguchi 1 & Koji Hara 1 & Kazuharu Nakagawa 1 & Chizuru Namiki 1 & Chantaramanee Ariya 1 & Kanako Yoshimi 1 & Ayako Nakane 1 & Kazumasa Kubota 1 & Junichi Furuya 1 & Haruka Tohara 1 Received: 25 November 2019 / Accepted: 6 March 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Objectives This study aimed to investigate the relationship between aging and tooth loss on masseter muscle quantity and quality. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 112 participants (in their 20s to 90s) who were independent in activities of daily living and were able to follow verbal commands. Exclusion criteria comprised participants with a lack of molar occlusal support, diseases that could affect muscle function, or temporomandibular disorder. Age, tooth loss, and weight were documented, and masseter muscle thickness (MMT) and masseter muscle echo intensity (MMEI) were measured using an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus. A multiple regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between MMT, MMEI, aging, and tooth loss, among each sex. The significance level in the statistical analysis was p < 0.05. Results In males, aging was a significant explanatory variable for MMT (adjusted R2 = 0.27), while both aging and weight were significantly associated with MMEI (adjusted R2 = 0.54). In females, tooth loss and aging were significant explanatory variables for MMT (adjusted R2 = 0.36) and MMEI (adjusted R2 = 0.5), respectively. In both men and women, MMT and MMEI were highly correlated. Conclusions Masseter muscles in males were more likely to be attenuated by aging than in females. The main attenuation factors were observed to differ between MMT and MMEI in women. Clinical relevance In females, preservation of the natural dentition or prosthetic treatment may be effective for maintaining masseter muscle characteristics. In males, additional approaches, such as resistance exercise training, may be necessary. Keywords Aging . Cross-sectional study . Echo intensity . Masseter muscle . Tooth loss . Ultrasonography
Introduction Occlusal force and masticatory performance deteriorate mainly due to tooth loss [1], while reductions in tongue pressure are primarily associated with aging [2]. The impact of a decline in oral function extends beyond the oral cavity itself and can include serious health problems such as aspiration pneumonia, frailty, and malnutrition [3, 4]. A number of recent studies have reported on the relationship between oral function and systemic condition. Indeed, a previous study defined oral frailty as a condition with poor oral health, comprising tooth loss, * Kohei Yamaguchi [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
and declines in occlusal force, tongue pressure, and masticatory ability [5
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