Associations between estradiol and testosterone and depressive symptom scores of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in o
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PRIMARY RESEARCH
Annals of General Psychiatry Open Access
Associations between estradiol and testosterone and depressive symptom scores of the Patient Health Questionnaire‑9 in ovariectomized women: a population‑based analysis of NHANES data Ching‑Yen Chen1,2, Jian‑Hong Chen1,2, Shao‑Chun Ree1,2, Chun‑Wei Chang3,4 and Sheng‑Hsiang Yu5*
Abstract Background: Women are well known to be susceptible to developing affective disorders, yet little attention has been given to effects of ovariectomy-reduced hormones and links with depression. This population-based crosssectional study aimed to investigate possible associations between ovariectomy-reduced hormones and depression symptom scores of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in ovariectomized women. Methods: Data of PHQ-9 scores, demographics and comorbidities of ovariectomized women were extracted from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database (2013–2016) and were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Among ovariectomized women in the NHANES database, serum estradiol levels were significantly positively associated with PHQ-9 scores (ß = 0.014, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.028, P = 0.040), whereas serum testosterone was negatively associated with PHQ-9 scores (ß = -0.033, 95% CI: − 0.048, − 0.018, P
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