Associations Between Measures of Balance and Lower-Extremity Muscle Strength/Power in Healthy Individuals Across the Lif
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SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Associations Between Measures of Balance and Lower-Extremity Muscle Strength/Power in Healthy Individuals Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Thomas Muehlbauer1 • Albert Gollhofer2 • Urs Granacher1
Ó The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract Background It has frequently been reported that balance and lower-extremity muscle strength/power are associated with sports-related and everyday activities. Knowledge about the relationship between balance, strength, and power are important for the identification of at-risk individuals because deficits in these neuromuscular components are associated with an increased risk of sustaining injuries and falls. In addition, this knowledge is of high relevance for the development of specifically tailored health and skill-related exercise programs. Objectives The objectives of this systematic literature review and meta-analysis were to characterize and, if possible, quantify associations between variables of balance and lower-extremity muscle strength/power in healthy individuals across the lifespan. Data Sources A computerized systematic literature search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus up to March 2015 to capture all relevant articles. Study Eligibility Criteria A systematic approach was used to evaluate the 996 articles identified for initial review. Studies were included only if they investigated healthy individuals aged C6 years and tested at least one measure of This article is part of the Topical Collection on Exercise to improve mobility in healthy aging. & Thomas Muehlbauer [email protected] 1
Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
2
Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Freiburg, Germany
static steady-state balance (e.g., center of pressure [CoP] displacement during one-legged stance), dynamic steadystate balance (e.g., gait speed), proactive balance (e.g., distance in the functional-reach-test), or reactive balance (e.g., CoP displacement during perturbed one-legged stance), and one measure of maximal strength (e.g., maximum voluntary contraction), explosive force (e.g., rate of force development), or muscle power (e.g., jump height). In total, 37 studies met the inclusionary criteria for review. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods The included studies were coded for the following criteria: age (i.e., children: 6–12 years, adolescents: 13–18 years, young adults: 19–44 years, middle-aged adults: 45–64 years, old adults: C65 years), sex (i.e., female, male), and test modality/outcome (i.e., test for the assessment of balance, strength, and power). Studies with athletes, patients, and/or people with diseases were excluded. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were extracted, transformed (i.e., Fisher’s z-transformed rz value), aggregated (i.e., weighted mean rz value), bac
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