Astragaloside protects rat brain from microwave-induced functional injuries via restoring acetylcholine and normalizing
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Astragaloside protects rat brain from microwave-induced functional injuries via restoring acetylcholine and normalizing electroencephalogram Li Zhao 1 & Yunbo Sun 1 & Chao Yu 1 & Junjun Chen 2 & Xinping Xu 1 & Xueyan Zhang 1 & Hui Wang 1 & Jing Zhang 1 & Haoyu Wang 1 & Ji Dong 1 & Binwei Yao 1 & Hongmei Zhou 1 & Shuchen Liu 1 & Ruiyun Peng 1 Received: 17 April 2019 / Accepted: 28 January 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Studies from our group and others have reported that 30 mW/cm2 microwave could damage the structures of rat hippocampus, as well as impair the neuronal functions. The neuroprotective effects of astragaloside, purified from Astragalus membranaceus, have been demonstrated in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we found that 30 mW/cm2 microwave impaired spatial learning and memory ability in rats, while astragaloside could significantly alleviate the injuries. The pathological analysis also showed that astragaloside protected neurons from microwave-induced damages, such as mitochondrial swelling and cavitation, rough endoplasmic reticulum swelling and dilation, synaptic gap disappearing, and vesicle aggregation. Moreover, microwaveinduced structural damage of synapse resulted in downregulation of acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter for information transmission, while astragaloside could protect the structure of synapse, as well as restore the acetylcholine level in rat hippocampus. Furthermore, astragaloside also accelerated the recovery of brain electroencephalogram (EEG) after microwave exposure, indicating that astragaloside could promote the normalization of neuronal functions. In conclusion, astragaloside protected the morphological structures and restored acetylcholine level in rat hippocampus, which could improve brain functions via normalizing brain EEG. Therefore, astragaloside might be a promising candidate to treat microwave-induced injuries of central nervous system (CNS). Keywords Astragaloside . Microwave-induced brain injuries . Protective effects . Learning and memory ability . Morphological structures
Introduction Recent years, the anxiety and speculation about potential health hazards associated with microwave, nonionizing electromagnetic radiation ranging from300MHz to 300 GHz, has been
Li Zhao and Yunbo Sun contributed equally to this work. Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Shuchen Liu [email protected] * Ruiyun Peng [email protected] 1
Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, People’s Republic of China
2
Xinyang Central Hospital, Xinyang, Henan 464000, People’s Republic of China
emerged as a potential public concern (Hao et al. 2015; Herbert et al. 2001; Sharma et al. 2017). Recent years, the anxiety and speculation about potential 32 health hazards associated with microwave, nonionizing elec-33 tromagnetic radiation ranging from300MHz to 300 GHz, has been emerged as a potential public concern (Hao et al. 2015; 34 Herbert et
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