Asymmetric Responses to Climate Change: Temperature Differentially Alters Herbivore Salivary Elicitor and Host Plant Res
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Asymmetric Responses to Climate Change: Temperature Differentially Alters Herbivore Salivary Elicitor and Host Plant Responses to Herbivory Sulav Paudel 1
&
Po-An Lin 1 & Kelli Hoover 1 & Gary W. Felton 1 & Edwin G. Rajotte 1
Received: 9 February 2020 / Revised: 7 June 2020 / Accepted: 20 July 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The effect of temperature on insect-plant interactions in the face of changing climate is complex as the plant, its herbivores and their interactions are usually affected differentially leading to an asymmetry in response. Using experimental warming and a combination of biochemical and herbivory bioassays, the effects of elevated temperatures and herbivore damage (Helicoverpa zea) on resistance and tolerance traits of Solanum lycopersicum var. Better boy (tomato), as well as herbivory performance and salivary defense elicitors were examined. Insects and plants were differentially sensitive towards warming within the experimental temperature range. Herbivore growth rate increased with temperature, whereas plants growth as well as the ability to tolerate stress measured by photosynthesis recovery and regrowth ability were compromised at the highest temperature regime. In particular, temperature influenced the caterpillars’ capacity to induce plant defenses due to changes in the amount of a salivary defense elicitor, glucose oxidase (GOX). This was further complexed by the temperature effects on plant inducibility, which was significantly enhanced at an above-optimum temperature; this paralleled with an increased plants resistance to herbivory but significantly varied between previously damaged and undamaged leaves. Elevated temperatures produced asymmetry in species’ responses and changes in the relationship among species, indicating a more complicated response under a climate change scenario. Keywords Assymetric responses . Global warming . Glucose oxidase . Insect-plant interactions . Induced plant defenses . Resistance . Salivary elicitors . Tolerance
Introduction Consideration of asymmetry in plant-herbivore responses to climate warming is crucial to predicting how these systems will change over time. The global average temperature is predicted to rise by at least 4.0 °C by the end of the twenty-first century, resulting in increased frequency and intensity of drought and heat waves (Field 2014; Brown and Caldeira 2017). Rising temperatures can directly affect plantherbivore relationships as the rates of insect metabolism and Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-020-01201-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Sulav Paudel [email protected] 1
Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
consumption are temperature-dependent. Plants also face challenges when exposed to multiple stresses (biotic and abiotic), and the plant’s response to mitigate one stressor may exacerbate another (Atkinson and Urwin 2012; Suzuki et al. 2014; Water
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