Atmospheric Ammonia Detecting emission changes and environmental imp
Atmospheric ammonia is increasingly being recognized as a pollutant of key environmental concern. Ammonia contributes to several environmental problems, including direct toxic effects on vegetation, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, leading to the eutrophi
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Atmospheric Ammonia Detecting emission changes and environmental impacts Results of an Expert Workshop under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
Edited by
Mark A. Sutton Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, (CEH), UK
Stefan Reis Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, (CEH), UK
Samantha M.H. Baker Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), UK
Editors Mark A. Sutton Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) UK
Stefan Reis Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) UK
Samantha M.H. Baker Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) UK
ISBN 978-1-4020-9120-9
e-ISBN 978-1-4020-9121-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008937477 © 2009 Springer Science + Business Media B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover figures: Main Figure: Reindeer moss - Cladonia portentosa damaged by ammonia from an agricultural point source. Photo by Ian Leith, CEH. Top row figures: Pristine and damaged lichen (Cladonia portentosa) and Sphagnum moss (Sphagnum capillifolium) exposed to ambient and enhanced ammonia concentrations at the CEH nitrogen manipulation facility at Whim Bog, south-east Scotland. Photo by Ian Leith, CEH Printed on acid-free paper springer.com
Preface
This volume represents the fruits of a major international synthesis on the environmental behaviour and effects atmospheric ammonia. Specifically, it provides a contribution to the work of the Geneva Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), established under the auspices of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). Atmospheric ammonia has for some years been recognized by the Convention as being of key importance to air pollution effects on the eutrophication and acidification of ecosystems. More recently, the contribution of ammonia to the formation of secondary particulate matter has also been highlighted. Partly as a result of the many environmental interactions, ammonia has, until now, mostly been reviewed alongside the other air pollutants treated by the Convention. This is, in many ways, exactly as it should be. However, ammonia is an unusual air pollutant in that its largest sources are rural rather than urban, with livestock agriculture being the major source. Coupled with high uncertainties in the emissions, in the measurement of atmospheric concentrations and in the environmental impacts, there was therefore a strong case to dedicate a specific review to current understanding of ammonia. The original motivation for the present book arose in 2003, related to concerns over the existing ‘critical level’ for ammonia. With the Gothenburg Protocol signed in 1999, ammonia had been included in national emissions ceilin
