Atmospheric and Space Sciences: Ionospheres and Plasma Environments
The SpringerBriefs on Atmospheric and Space Sciences in two volumes presents a concise and interdisciplinary introduction to the basic theory, observation & modeling of atmospheric and ionospheric coupling processes on Earth. The goal is to contr
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Erdal Yiğit
Atmospheric and Space Sciences: Ionospheres and Plasma Environments Volume 2
SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8897
Erdal Yiğit
Atmospheric and Space Sciences: Ionospheres and Plasma Environments Volume 2
123
Erdal Yiğit Department of Physics and Astronomy George Mason University Fairfax, VA USA
ISSN 2191-5369 SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences ISBN 978-3-319-62005-3 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-62006-0
ISSN 2191-5377
(electronic)
ISBN 978-3-319-62006-0
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017944208 © The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To my beloved parents İhsan and Nazlı Yiğit and to all children of the universe.
Foreword
For me as an early participant in space research it was mandatory to study the ionosphere, since it was in this environment that our experiments with plasma clouds were performed. The textbooks available at that time emphasized production and loss of ions and electrons by photoionization and particle collisions, i.e. local processes. Rocket experiments with neutral gas releases and plasma cloud injections showed, however, that coupling between regions was essential for understanding our results. The same applied to the rising research with incoherent scatter radar. On the one hand, there was besides particle precipitation the downflow of momentum and electromagnetic energy and the closure of electric currents from the magnetosphere. On the other hand, a feedback from the ionosphere was recognized as controlling magnetospheric dynamics and structuring. While ionospheric physics was greatly enriched
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