Attitudes of Medical Students in Malta Toward Psychiatry and Mental Illness
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EMPIRICAL REPORT
Attitudes of Medical Students in Malta Toward Psychiatry and Mental Illness Nicole Borg 1
&
Louisa Testa 1 & Fiona Sammut 1 & David Cassar 1
Received: 20 February 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 # Academic Psychiatry 2020
Abstract Objective The study aimed to explore the attitudes of medical students in Malta toward psychiatry and mental illness. It looked at the effect of sex, clinical exposure, and experience with mental illness on students’ attitudes. Methods A questionnaire containing the ATP 30 and MICA-2 scales was distributed to all medical students in Malta in a crosssectional study. Factor analysis was followed by reliability testing using Cronbach Alpha. Factor scores were achieved using the regression method. The independent sample t test and the Mann–Whitney U test were used to check for relationships between factor scores and variable of interest. Following this, the means and medians of factor scores for each group were calculated and compared. Results Three hundred ninety-six students (51%) answered the questionnaire. Males had more positive attitudes toward psychiatry as a career choice (p = 0.01) and more positive attitudes toward the importance of psychiatry (p = 0.00). Those with clinical exposure to psychiatry had more negative attitudes toward the efficacy of psychiatry and psychiatrists (p = 0.00). Having experience with mental illness in some form was associated with decreased appeal in psychiatry as a career (p = 0.01 for personal experience, p = 0.01 for relatives, p = 0.00 for friends). Conclusions The factor structures obtained using ATP 30 and MICA-2 scales in this study are different from those found in the original literature. Having undergone psychiatry rotations had no significant impact on the attitudes toward psychiatry as a career choice but led to more negative attitudes toward the efficacy of psychiatry and psychiatrists. Keywords Medical students . Malta . Career . Mental illness . Psychiatry
Despite the increasing importance of psychiatry, recruitment into psychiatry remains a global problem, with the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) stating that there are only a few countries in which it is not an issue [1]. The World Health Organization has set a global target of one psychiatrist per 100,000 inhabitants for each country. Some countries, such as the USA, most of Europe, and China comfortably exceed this target, whereas rates are as low as 0.2 per 100,000 in Africa and Southeast Asia, with some countries having no psychiatrists at all [2]. It has been reported that many persons suffering from mental illness (MI) in low- and middle-income countries do not get treatment due to a considerable shortage of psychiatrists [3–5].
* Nicole Borg [email protected] 1
University of Malta, Msida, Malta
Eurostat data shows that in 2017, Malta had 10.68 psychiatrists per 100,000 inhabitants. This is the sixth lowest from the countries with available statistics, ranking above Turkey, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Poland, and Spain. For comparison, the UK, whose
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