Automation in Agriculture
The complex agricultural environment combined with intensive production requires development of robust systems with short development time at low cost. The unstructured nature of the external environment increases chances of failure. Moreover, the machine
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Automation i 63. Automation in Agriculture
Yael Edan, Shufeng Han, Naoshi Kondo
63.1.2 Autonomous Agricultural Vehicles and Robotic Field Operations ....... 1099 63.1.3 Future Directions and Prospects ... 1101 63.2 Irrigation Systems................................. 1101 63.2.1 Types of Irrigation Systems .......... 1102 63.2.2 Automation in Irrigation Systems . 1103 63.3 Greenhouse Automation ....................... 1104 63.3.1 Climate Control .......................... 1104 63.3.2 Seedling Production ................... 1106 63.3.3 Automatic Sprayers..................... 1109 63.3.4 Fruit Harvesting Robots ............... 1109 63.4 Animal Automation Systems .................. 1111 63.4.1 Dairy ........................................ 1111 63.4.2 Aquaculture............................... 1114 63.4.3 Poultry...................................... 1115 63.4.4 Sheep and Swine ....................... 1115 63.5 Fruit Production Operations................... 1116 63.5.1 Orchard Automation Systems ....... 1116 63.5.2 Automation of Fruit Grading and Sorting ............................... 1118
63.1 Field Machinery .................................... 1096 63.1.1 Automatic Guidance of Agricultural Vehicles ............... 1096
References .................................................. 1122
Agricultural productivity has significantly increased throughout the years through intensification, mechanization, and automation. This includes automated farming equipment for field operations, animal systems, and growing systems (greenhouse climate control, irrigation systems). Introduction of automation into agriculture has lowered production costs, reduced the drudgery of manual labor, raised the quality of fresh produce, and improved environmental control. Unlike industrial applications, which deal with simple, repetitive, well-defined, and a priori known tasks, automation in agriculture requires advanced technologies to deal with the complex and highly variable environment and produce. Agricultural products are natural objects
which have a high degree of variability as a result of environmental and genetic variables. The agricultural environment is complex and loosely structured with large variations between fields and even within the same field. Fundamental technologies must be developed to solve difficult problems such as continuously changing conditions, variability in products and environment (size, shape, location, soil properties, and weather), delicate products, and hostile environmental conditions (dust, dirt, and extreme temperature and humidity). Intelligent control systems are necessary for dynamic, real-time interpretation of the environment and the objects. When compared with industrial automation systems, precision requirements in agricul-
63.6 Summary ............................................. 1121
Part G 63
The complex agricultural environment combined with intensive production requires development of robust systems with short development time at low cost. The unstructured nature of the external envir
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