Avalanches during flexure of early-age steel fiber reinforced concrete beams
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Avalanches during flexure of early-age steel fiber reinforced concrete beams Zhuang Liu . Robert Worley II . Fen Du . Courtney D. Giles . Mandar Dewoolkar . Dryver Huston . Ting Tan
Received: 3 March 2020 / Accepted: 21 June 2020 Ó RILEM 2020
Abstract In this work, we studied stress variations occurring during flexure of early-age steel fiber reinforced concrete beams. By preparing beams with different fiber volume ratios, four-point bending tests were performed to evaluate the specimens at different loading rates. A new experimental system was created to collect the stress-time curves collected at 100 kHz sampling rate so that temporal profiles of stress drops were analyzed in high resolution. Meanwhile, stress drops were modeled as avalanches due to interactions between steel fibers and cement matrices during flexure. Good agreement on avalanche statistics and dynamics was obtained between measurements and the predicted power law exponents and scaling functions from the mean field model. The observations of different avalanche types also illustrated the essential failure features evolved during flexure of steel fiber reinforced beams. Z. Liu D. Huston Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA R. Worley II C. D. Giles M. Dewoolkar T. Tan (&) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Vermont, 215 Votey, 33 Colchester Ave, Burlington, VT 05405, USA e-mail: [email protected] F. Du Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vermont Technical College, 124 Admin Drive, Randolph Center, VT 05061, USA
Keywords Concrete Avalanche Steel fibers Beam Flexure
1 Introduction The global concrete and cement market valued USD 439.2 billion in 2018, which is expected to exceed USD 652.7 billion by 2022, growing at a compound annual growth rate of almost 7% since 2014 [1]. The production of cement contributes about 7% of the global carbon dioxide emission [2]. Thus, the application of cement and concrete materials is essential to the human society. Fiber reinforced concrete [3–7] has attracted substantial research interests during the last several decades. Although concrete is brittle, the introduction of fibers significantly improves the composite performance because fibers provide the essential tensile resistance. Therefore, the properties of fibers, concrete and their interfaces are critical to the behavior of fiber reinforced composites [8–18]. Significant research has been performed to study the mechanical performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete, such as effects of fiber types and concrete types [19–21], tensile and shear behavior [22, 23], dynamic behavior [24], high temperature behavior [25, 26], fiber pull-out [27]; high performance concrete [28–30]; light weight concrete [31] and selfcompact concrete [32–36]. The emerging 3D printing
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techniques [37–40] shed the essential light on the creation of high performance fiber reinforced concrete structure
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