Avoidance tests with the oribatid mite Oppia nitens (Acari: Oribatida) in cadmium-spiked natural soils
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Avoidance tests with the oribatid mite Oppia nitens (Acari: Oribatida) in cadmium-spiked natural soils Masoud M. Ardestani1,2 · Maryam Keshavarz‑Jamshidian3 · Cornelis A. M. van Gestel4 · Nico M. van Straalen4 Received: 30 October 2019 / Accepted: 8 August 2020 / Published online: 18 August 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Avoidance behavior can be a useful parameter for assessing the ability of organisms to escape from pollutants in their environment. For soil evaluation, a variety of invertebrates is used including the oribatid mite Oppia nitens. Here, we tested the avoidance behavior of O. nitens using a two-chamber test and an escape test with exposures to different cadmium concentrations of up to 800 mg k g−1 dry LUFA 2.2 soil for 2, 4, and 6 days, and up to 7 weeks. With the two-chamber method, the oribatid mites had the choice between clean and polluted soils, whereas they were allowed to escape from a box with polluted soil to clean containers without soil with the escape method. Avoidance of cadmium was observed after 2 days in both tests and the net response of the mites in the two-chamber test increased with increasing cadmium exposure concentrations. Mite responses varied through time, especially with the escape method; with the avoidance behavior becoming more variable and overall non-significant with longer test durations. This is the first study investigating the escape test simultaneously with long-term avoidance of cadmium by O. nitens. This mite species is a promising species for avoidance testing in soil ecotoxicology, but more experiments are needed to evaluate the factors that influence its responses in laboratory tests and the consequences for its distribution in contaminated ecosystems. Keywords Avoidance · Escape test · Exposure time · Metal · Oribatida · Two-chamber test
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s1049 3-020-00536-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Masoud M. Ardestani [email protected] 1
Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic
2
Institute of Soil Biology and SoWa Research Infrastructure, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Sádkách 7, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
3
Department of Plant Protection, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
4
Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Vol.:(0123456789)
82
Experimental and Applied Acarology (2020) 82:81–93
Introduction Pollution of the environment due to anthropogenic activities may pose serious risks to human and environmental health (Vitousek et al. 1997). Contamination of soil, air, and water caused by metals as well as other organic and inorganic compounds is one of the factors contributing to the disturbance of natural habitats (e.g., Fountain and Hopkin 2004; Venter et al. 2016). As a result, pollution influences
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