Babylonian observations of a unique planetary configuration
- PDF / 1,128,240 Bytes
- 17 Pages / 439.37 x 666.142 pts Page_size
- 46 Downloads / 225 Views
Babylonian observations of a unique planetary configuration Teije de Jong1 · Hermann Hunger2 Received: 28 May 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract In this paper, we discuss Babylonian observations of a “massing of the planets” reported in two Astronomical Diaries, BM 32562 and BM 46051. This extremely rare astronomical phenomenon was observed in Babylon between 20 and 30 March 185 BC shortly before sunrise when all five planets were simultaneously visible for about 10 to 15 min close to the horizon in the eastern morning sky. These two observational texts are not only interesting as records of an extremely rare planetary configuration, but also because (1) the observers appear to be confused by the presence of all planets simultaneously and mix them up in their reports, and (2) the two reports of the same observations are so different that we are forced to conclude that they were carried out by two different observers. There is an additional astronomical event which makes this planetary configuration even more unique: the exact conjunction of the planets Mars and Jupiter in the afternoon of 25 March 185 BC. An exact conjunction, where two planets are so close together that they appear as one object in the sky, is also extremely rare. Although this exact conjunction between Mars and Jupiter occurred during the day so that it was not observable, it was correctly predicted by the Babylonian scholars: a remarkable achievement and a nice illustration of their astronomical craftsmanship. Finally, our study clearly exposes one of the limitations of Babylonian naked-eye astronomy. When first appearances of the planets Mercury, Mars and Saturn are expected around the same date, it is nearly impossible to correctly identify them because their expected positions are only approximately known while they have about the same visual magnitude so that they become visible at about the same altitude above the horizon. Communicated by Alexander Jones. * Teije de Jong [email protected] Hermann Hunger [email protected] 1
Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2
Institut für Orientalistik, Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
T. de Jong, H. Hunger
1 Introduction At present, one of us (HH) is preparing the edition of volume IV of the Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia (Hunger 2021). This final volume will present transliterations and translations of texts preserved on (fragments of) tablets that were not included in the first three volumes of the Astronomical Diaries (Sachs and Hunger 1988, 1989, 1996) because their contents are so poorly preserved and so fragmentary that they could not be easily dated. During the preparation of this final volume, it turned out that the astronomical information preserved on some of these scraps and fragments was occasionally still sufficient to come up with a reliable dating of the observations. In cases where the text seemed to contain sufficient astronomical information but where the dating process
Data Loading...
